SummaryBackgroundA key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016.MethodsDrawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0–100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita.FindingsIn 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8–98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9–97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5–97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1–24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3–23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2–26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China,...

Objetivo. Caracterizar la compra ilegal de productos derivados del tabaco y su asociación con variables socio­demográficas y socioeconómicas. Material y métodos. La fuente de datos es la Encuesta Mundial de Tabaco en Adultos de 2013. Se caracterizó la compra ilícita mediante variables sociodemográficas (SOD) y socioeconómicas (SES). Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística. Resultados. Se encontraron asociaciones de las variables SOD y SES con compra ilegal, particularmente en hombres; grupo etario de 15 a 39 años, educación no formal, empleado de gobierno e inactivos, área urbana, fumador diario y en el primer quintil de ingresos. Conclusiones. Las variables SOD y SES influyen en la compra ilícita. Es importante la vigilancia del comercio ilícito en el segmento minorista y la aplicación efectiva de las normas vigentes.

Objetivo. Caracterizar el deseo de cesación y disposición al pago por una terapia de abandono de consumo de tabaco. Material y métodos. La fuente de los datos es la Encuesta Mundial de Tabaco en Adultos (EMTA). Se caracterizó la cesación y la disposición al pago mediante variables sociodemográficas (SOD) y socioeconómicas (SES). Se realizaron regresiones logísticas para estimar asociaciones. Resultados. El mayor deseo de cesación se observó en las mujeres, aspecto educativo, empleado no gubernamental e inactivo, zona rural, fumadores ocasionales, ingresos medios y la mayor disposición al pago, en educación, mayores de 60 años, empleado no gubernamental y cuenta propia, zona urbana, fumadores ocasionales e ingreso medio bajo. Conclusiones. Existe una alta relación entre el deseo de abandono y la disposición al pago con las variables SOD y SES. Las terapias de cesación pueden aplicarse en centros de trabajo y exigen un cambio de enfoque en la intervención.

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