ElsevierMartí Albiñana, JV.; Gonzalez Vidosa, F.; Yepes Piqueras, V.; Alcalá González, J. (2013 AbstractThis paper describes one approach to the analysis and design of prestressed concrete precast road bridges, with double U-shaped cross-section and isostatic spans. The procedure used to solve the combinatorial problem is a variant of simulated annealing with a neighborhood move based on the mutation operator from the genetic algorithms (SAMO). This algorithm is applied to the economic cost of these structures at different stages of manufacturing, transportation and construction. The problem involved 59 discrete design variables for the geometry of the beam and the slab, materials in the two elements, as well as active and passive reinforcement. The parametric study showed a good correlation for the cost, geometric and reinforcement characteristics with the span length, which can be useful for the day-to-day design of PC precast bridges. A cost sensitivity analysis first indicates that a maximum 20% rise in steel costs leads to an 11.82% increase in the cost, while a 20% rise in concrete costs increases the cost up to 4.20%, namely 2.8 times less. The analysis also indicated that the characteristics of the cost-optimized bridges are somewhat influenced by different economic scenarios for steel and concrete costs. Finally, there is a growth in the volume of concrete when the steel cost rises; surprisingly, the variation in the volume of concrete is almost insensitive to its rising price.

This paper represents an economic optimization of buttressed earth-retaining walls. We explore the optimum solutions using a harmony search with an intensification stage through threshold accepting. The calibration of the resulting algorithm has been obtained as a result of several test runs for different parameters. A design parametric study was computed to walls in series from 4-16 m total height. The results showed different ratios of reinforcement per volume of concrete for three types of ground fill. Our main findings confirmed that the most sensitive variable for optimum walls is the wall-friction angle. The preference for wall-fill friction angles different to 0º in project design is confirmed. The type of fill is stated as the main key factor affecting the cost of optimum walls. The design parametric study shows that the soil foundation bearing capacity substantially affects costs, mainly in coarse granular fills (F1). In that sense, cost-optimum walls are less sensitive to the bearing capacity in mixed soils (F2) and fine soils of low plasticity (F3). Our results also showed that safety against sliding is a more influential factor for optimum buttressed walls than the overturning constraint. Finally, as for the results derived from the optimization procedure, a more suitable rule of thumb to dimension the footing thickness of the footing is proposed.

Manuscript Code: 0253 Date of reception/acceptation: 01jan2014/01aug2014Resumen Las infraestructuras de transporte terrestre y particularmente la infraestructura vial son fundamentales en el desarrollo económico y social. El nivel de calidad percibido por el usuario viene determinado, principalmente, por el pavimento. A nivel mundial se invierte anualmente más de 400 mil millones de dólares en la construcción y el mantenimiento de pavimentos; tareas que aumentan en un 10% el impacto ambiental generado por la circulación de los vehículos. Surge así la necesidad de incorporar un enfoque sostenible en la evaluación de alternativas de conservación que considere aspectos técnicos, económicos, medioambientales, políticos e institucionales de forma integrada y armónica a lo largo de su ciclo de vida. La presente investigación tiene por objeto estudiar los modelos y prácticas en la evaluación económica y ambiental de pavimentos para analizar las ventajas y las limitaciones de la práctica actual e identificar oportunidades para mejorar su gestión sostenible. Una de las principales limitaciones identificadas es la escasez de modelos que consideren de forma integrada los aspectos económicos y ambientales. Se detecta la necesidad de modelos que consideren el efecto sobre los usuarios en zonas de trabajo así como el uso de nuevas tecnologías y materiales reciclados más respetuosos con el medio ambiente. AbstractGround transportation infrastructures, particularly road infrastructure, are essential for economic and social development. The quality level that the user perceives is mainly determined by the pavement condition. More than 400 billion dollars are invested globally each year in pavement construction and maintenance; these tasks increase by 10% the environmental impact generated by vehicle operation. Therefore, a sustainable approach should be incorporated in the assessment of preservation alternatives that consider technical, economic, environmental, political and institutional aspects in an integrated manner over their life-cycle. The purpose of the present research is to examine the models and practices for the economic and environmental evaluation of pavement assets, in order to analyze the advantages and limitations of the current state of the practice and identify the opportunities to improve their sustainable management. One of the main limitations identified is the lack of models that consider the economic and environmental aspects integrally. A need for models which consider the impact on users in work zones, as well as the use of new technologies and recycled materials that are more respectful of the environment, has been detected.Palabras Clave: Evaluación del ciclo de vida, administración de activos, pavimentos, sustentabilidad.

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La evaluación de las competencias transversales adquiridas a lo largo de la formación universitaria es un objetivo fundamental para garantizar el adecuado desarrollo de los alumnos. Con los recientemente establecidos Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, la demanda de competencias transversales orientadas a tal fin es cada vez mayor y, su desarrollo y evaluación, más urgente. Ante la falta de consenso en cuanto a cómo determinar el grado de adquisición de estas capacidades, se propone un procedimiento objetivo basado en la resolución de casos de estudio, combinados con la aplicación de la comparación pareada de criterios del Proceso Analítico Jerárquico de decisión multicriterio. La aplicación de este proceso permite determinar, de forma objetiva, la coherencia implícita de los alumnos en sus juicios y ofrece, por lo tanto, una herramienta valiosa para evaluar la claridad con la que los alumnos perciben la sostenibilidad y sus implicaciones en el desarrollo de su futura práctica profesional y, por ende, su competencia para afrontar estos nuevos retos que se plantean en el futuro próximo