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Ventriculoperitoneal shunt migration into the scrotum is a rare phenomenon that has been reported in nearly 35 patients in the literature till date. Genitalia-related complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in children like inguinoscrotal migration usually occur during 1st year of the shunt procedure due to factors like raised abdominal pressure and patency of process vaginalis. We report a case of scrotal migration of tip of ventriculoperitoneal shunt in a 2-month-old infant presenting to us with communicating hydrocephalus. In a patient with inguinoscrotal swelling and ventriculoperitoneal shunt, migration of shunt should be suspected. Prompt diagnosis and management of this condition is important due to various complications like shunt dysfunction and testicular lesions. Treatment of this condition is surgical closure of the patent processes vaginalis and shunt reposition.

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Background: Dental caries is a multifactorial disease. Diet plays an important role in the nutritional status and individual development. Migration of people from rural areas and urbanization cause a change in the lifestyle and dietary habits which in turn affects oral health. Aim: To assess the prevalence of dental caries in junk food-and non-junk food-eating school students among urban and rural schoolchildren in Mayiladuthurai. Objective: To identify the role of dietary habits (type of diet, skipping meals, snacking between meals, and frequency of visits to fast-food restaurants) in occurrence and severity of caries. Materials and methods: In this study, a total of 174 participants were considered, and among them 59 are rural schoolchildren and 115 are urban schoolchildren. Assessment of dental caries based on modern foods was done. A questionnaire was prepared to check the frequency of foods and the student's responses were marked. Results: Among 59 rural schoolchildren, 80% have caries and 20% have no caries. Among 115 urban students, 84% have caries and 16% have no caries. Compared to rural schoolchildren, urban schoolchildren are more affected by dental caries. Conclusion: This study was done to reduce the risk of caries by eliminating the intake of cariogenic food. Our study shows the risk of caries was high among urban schoolchildren.

KEYWORDSbreast carcinoma, breast tuberculosis, coexistence Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem and it is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in all age groups.1 Among communicable diseases, TB is the second leading cause of death worldwide. 2 TB has traditionally been regarded as a pulmonary disorder.However, nearly 17.9% of TB cases have only extrapulmonary manifestations. 3Granulomatous inflammation of the breast is an inflammatory process with multiple aetiologies. It can be caused by breast cancer, TB, granulomatous mastitis, sarcoidosis, fungal infections such as actinomycosis, and parasites such as filariasis, Wegener's granulomatosis, duct ectasia, brucellosis, and traumatic fat necrosis. 4Sir Astley Cooper in 1892 described the first case of TB of the breast. 5 TB breast can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary involvement is tuberculous infection confined only to the breast and is extremely uncommon. 6The coexistence of primary TB and breast cancer was reported only in 1897 by Pilliet and Piatot, and the TB of axillary lymph nodes was reported by Warthin in 1899. 7The synchronous occurrence of TB and carcinoma in breast is unusual and the literature includes single case reports probably due to the rarity of the disease. identified. Out of these 139 patients, four patients were male and rest 135 patients were female. One thirty five patients had carcinoma breast, three patients had isolated TB of breast, while only one patient had co-existing TB and carcinoma of ipsilateral breast.Two patients had bilateral breast carcinoma. All four male patients in this study had carcinoma breast only. Majority of the patients were in the age group of 40-60 year (77 patients), while 36 patients were younger than 40 years and 26 patients were above 60 years (Table 1).Seventy percent of the patients had clinically T2 lesion, 8.6% of patients had T1 lesion, 12.23% had T3 lesion and 7.91% patients had T4 lesion at presentation. Twenty four patients had no clinically palpable nodes while N1 nodal status was found in 79 patients at presentation and 33 patients had N2 axillary nodes. Only 1.4%patients showed metastasis at presentation. Out of four breast TB patients only one had coexisting breast carcinoma. This patient was treated with Modified radical mastectomy followed by anti-tubercular treatment and adjuvant chemotherapy. The other three were put on category II anti-tubercular therapy.