Myocardial GRK2 expression and activity are mirrored by lymphocyte levels of this kinase, and its elevation in HF is associated with the loss of beta-AR responsiveness and appears to increase with disease severity. Therefore, lymphocytes may provide a surrogate for monitoring cardiac GRK2 in human HF.

Statin pretreatment reduces myocardial damage after coronary surgery and could improve both short- and long-term results.

Combined clopidogrel and aspirin overcome single drug resistances, are safe for bleeding and improve venous graft patency.

EVAR leads to changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis, with characteristic developments. These latter have no clinical relevance and have no effect on early outcome and on mid-term follow-up.

The strategy guided by platelet function testing for off-pump CABG offers improved guidance for optimal timing of CABG in patients treated with clopidogrel. This strategy significantly reduces postoperative bleeding and blood consumption, and has a shorter waiting time for surgery than current clinical practice.