The introduction of vaccination worldwide dramatically reduced the incidence of pathogenic bacterial and viral diseases. Despite the highly successful vaccination strategies, the number of cases among vaccine preventable diseases has increased in the last decade and several of those diseases are still endemic in different countries. Here we discuss some epidemiological aspects and possible arguments that may explain why ancient diseases such as, measles, polio, pertussis, diphtheria and tuberculosis are still with us.

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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is present in high amounts in the BALF and serum of asthmatic patients, contributing to the pathogenesis of experimental asthma induced by OVA in mice. Whether MIF contributes to the physiopathology on a more complex and relevant asthma model has not been characterized. Mif‐deficient (Mif−/−) or WT mice treated with anti‐MIF antibody were challenged multiple times using house dust mite (HDM) extract by the intranasal route. HDM‐challenged Mif−/− mice presented decreased airway hyperresponsiveness, lung infiltration of eosinophils, mucus hypersecretion, and subepithelial fibrosis compared to HDM‐challenged WT mice. Amounts of IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13 were decreased in the lungs of Mif−/− mice upon HDM challenges, but the increase of CCL11 was preserved, compared to HDM‐challenged WT mice. We also observed increased numbers of group 2 innate lymphoid cells and Th2 cells in the BALF and mediastinal LNs (mLN)‐induced challenged by HDM of WT mice, but not in HDM‐challenged Mif−/− mice. Anti‐MIF treatment abrogated the airway infiltration of eosinophils, mucus hypersecretion, and subepithelial fibrosis in the lungs of HDM‐challenged mice. In conclusion, MIF ablation prevents the pathologic hallmarks of asthma in HDM‐challenged mice, reinforcing the promising target of MIF for asthma therapy.