Background: Mostly femoral fracture of upper end involving the neck and trochanters are common. The neck shaft angle, neck transverse and neck vertical diameter influence the fractures of proximal femur. Internal fixation and reduction of fracture of upper end of femur with implants to restore normal anatomy and functional activity of femur is necessary for early recovery of patients. The study was performed to enlighten the orthopedic surgeons and implant manufacturer about the geometry of upper end of femur. The objectives of present study to measure the Objectives: neck shaft angle, neck transverse and vertical diameter. The present study was performed on Material and Methods: 310 dry femora in the department of anatomy RKDF Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. The measurements were taken of neck shaft angle, neck transverse and vertical diameter of femur by using goniometer and vernier calipers. The mean value and range were calculated by using SPSS software. Results: The mean neck shaft angle of right and left femora was 126.04±4.9° and 127.43±5.2° respectively and maximum range of right and left femora was 135° and 136° respectively. Neck transverse diameter of right and left femora was 24.10±2.4mm and 24.58±3.1mm, respectively. Neck vertical diameter of right and left femora was 28.96±3.18mm and 28.0±3.7mm respectively. Right and left femoral measurements show no significant difference. The use of normal Conclusion: means and range of femoral dimensions helps to decide the plan

Background: Evaluation and perception of MBBS first year students regarding early clinical exposure (ECE). The goals of ECE are to provide significance to basic sciences along with expansion of medical knowledge so as to establish the cognitive component of professional learning. Medical council of India has given new curriculum for MBBS for undergraduate medical education in which ECE is one of the reforms to improve quality of medical education. Methods: The study was conducted in the department of physiology, Peoples college of medical science and research centre Bhopal. The study duration was one year, 150 students of MBBS first year were included in study. All didactic lecture on systems was delivered mainly on respiratory physiology. It was vertically integrated with department of medicine and is followed by hospital visit. During hospital visit students was divided in 6 groups of 25. Clinicians was exposing the students to the relevant patients and discuss important symptoms and examination/findings on the patients. To assess whether the skills gained through ECE helped the students in the physiology classes of clinical examination, OSCE (Objectively structured clinical examination) was arranged before and after the intervention. Results: The post OSCE scores are better than pre OSCE scores. Perception of students toward ECE they have better understanding and retention of topic. Conclusions: ECE is a good tool for teaching and learning for first year MBBS.

Back ground: Menstruation is characterized by monthly rhythmical changes in the rates of secretion of the female sex hormones and corresponding physical changes in the ovaries and other sexual organs. There are three phases of menstrual cycle namely, menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretary phase. There occur fluctuations in the levels of sex steroid hormones across different phases of menstrual cycle. Aims and objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the immune response of healthy female students of first-year MBBS (n = 40) in the age group of 18-25 years with regular menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: The parameters analyzed were total leukocyte count (TLC); absolute eosinophil count (AEC); and differential leukocyte count (DLC) of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil, and basophils. The data collected were statistically analyzed. Result: There was significant increase in TLC during menstrual and secretary phase of menstrual cycle. No significant difference was observed in AEC during different phases of menstrual cycle. In DLC, there was a significant increase in the neutrophil percentage during secretary phase. Lymphocyte count increased during proliferative and secretary phase but it is not statistically significant. No significant difference was observed in monocyte and eosinophil count. Conclusion: This study shows normal variation in the leucocyte count during different phases of menstrual cycle that may help in understanding various disorders.

Introduction: Hip bone is the form of the union of 3 bone ilium, ischium & pubis. The acetabulum is the part of hip bone it is usually a deep cup shape or house shoes shape. Acetabulum having a deep cavity like structure present in the lateral aspect of the hip bone. Acetabulum is divided into two parts articular and non-articular, non-articular part of this fossa is covered by a pad of fat this fat. this surface is articulate with head of the femur and it form most stable joint know as hip joint, this is the most stable joint in our body. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy.in R.K.D.F Meidical College & Hospital  Bhopal  M.P 200 human hip bones of both sexes were used. Following  parameter were taken Shape of acetabulum – Curved, angular, irregular straight. The transverse diameter of the acetabulum- The maximum distance between the anterior and posterior ends of the acetabular cavity. The vertical diameter of the acetabulum -The greatest dimension between the Upper and Lower Margins of the Acetabular Cavity Total diameter of the acetabulum – The transverse diameter of the acetabulum+.

Sex identification of human skeletal has great anthropological and medico legal significance. The hip bone is very useful and ideal for sex determination. It is the most trusted bone for sex determination because of its pattern of sexual dimorphism very common in human race. Present study parameters will be used for identification of sex. In present study significant difference will be observed in the distance between posterior inferior iliac spine and ischial spine which will be useful in anatomical, anthropological, archaeological and forensic studies. They always are want a reliable estimation of the sex of unknown individuals represented by only a few bones or when several bones are missing or are broken due to the effect of environmental conditions. There is the ability to determine sex from the unknown skeletal it is very important methods to do this. The various bones of the skeletal will able to tell sex of that human skeleton. From all bony structure pelvis is best indicator of sex. The Sexual dimorphism of hip bone showing it special feature in female due to child bearing property and this can be calculated by the coxal index and total pelvic height.