Sudan is famous for livestock production all over the world. Nevertheless, livestock production was faced by a lot of obstacles. This paper focuses on identifying these barriers. Holistic overview of the past, present and future challenges of sustainable livestock production was used to identify these constraints. They can be summed up into natural and man -made factors which are interacting together to hinder sustainable management of both animals as well as range resources of the country. Natural factors can be summarized as follows: most of range resources of the range resources of Sudan in semi-arid and sensitive fragile areas, alternating dry and wet periods, desertification, climate changes, pests and diseases, soil types and geomorphological factors. While man made factors can be grouped into: local culture, conflicts between herders and cultivators, seasonal bush fires, dissolution of native administration, nomadic tribes coming from neighbouring countries, poor range management, grazing systems adopted, etc.From the other hand, the above mentioned constraints have resulted in negative socioeconomic impacts such as loss of herds, migration of herders to the outskirts of the neighbouring urban centres , socio-cultural changes, family disintegration and lack of essential livelihood services, etc. Sustainable livestock production can be attained through changes in the prevailing local cultures that the number of animals is the source of political power and social prestige, adoption of sustainable practices that help in reducing overgrazing and range deterioration, rehabilitation of fire lines and strengthening the role of local institutions for adopting indigenous cultural practices, etc.

Mesh positioning in sublay compartment was followed by increased adhesion development and provides a stronger mesh-tissue attachment, in addition, resulted in a different histological profile of the inflammation/repair substrate. The intensity of these findings was directly correlated, suggesting they could be the result of a common biological phenomenon. Our findings indicate that mesh placement following the retromuscular technique generates a superior repair response, and give clues to a better understanding of the superiority of sublay repair in achieving lower recurrence rates. Characterization of the cellular and molecular elements responsible for the superiority of this technique is in our view an essential prerequisite aiming for improvements in the therapeutic options for the treatment of this disease.

No abstract

Abbreviations: LLQ, left lower quadrant; RLQ, right lower quadrant; SMA, superior mesenteric artery LUQ, left upper quadrant ObjectivesTo present a case of left-sided acute appendicitis associated with intestinal malrotation in an adult patient, review the literature regarding the subject, and discuss the feasibility of laparoscopy for the surgical intervention. AbstractIntroduction: Acute appendicitis is among the leading causes of general surgery emergencies and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. However, the diagnosis can be especially challenging when the patient presents with left-sided abdominal pain. True left side originated appendix can occur in the setting of two conditions: situs inversus and intestinal malrotation.Case Report: This article presents the case of a 31-year-old male with left lower quadrant (LLQ) abdominal pain, caused by left-sided acute appendicitis associated with intestinal malrotation. After confirmation of the diagnosis through radiologic studies, a laparoscopic appendectomy was performed, with adjustments to the position of the ports to allow for optimal access to the LLQ. There was no evidence of complications directly related to the malrotation, such as volvulus, small bowel obstruction or internal hernia. There were no complications in the intraoperative or postoperative period. Discussion:The various forms of intestinal malrotations compose a spectrum of bowel positional anomalies, caused by nonrotation or incomplete rotation of the primitive bowel loop. Acute appendicitis poses a great risk to patients with malrotation due to the atypical presentation and the difficulty in the interpretation of radiologic studies, which may cause a grave delay in the diagnosis and surgical intervention, potentially resulting in higher morbimortality. This is aggravated by the very scant number of studies comparing different approaches and analyzing outcomes, which in turn is caused by the rarity of cases with the two conditions associated. Conclusion:Although there is not enough evidence in the current literature to support the systematic use of laparoscopic approach in the treatment of appendicitis associated with intestinal malrotation, it is the opinion of the authors that the laparoscopic treatment, when performed by an experienced surgeon and with the proper adaptations arranged, can be feasible in those patients.

No abstract