These studies suggest that pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of TNF-alpha are sufficient to mimic certain aspects of the phenotype observed in experimental and clinical models of heart failure.

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is widely used in biomedical research as a reporter method. Oligonucleotides with a DNA backbone and one or several chromophore tags have found multiple applications as FRET probes. They are especially advantageous for the real-time monitoring of biochemical reactions and in vivo studies. This paper reviews the design and applications of various DNA-based probes that use FRET The approaches used in the design of new DNA FRET probes are discussed.

Abstract. Apoptotic cells in rat thymus were labeled in situ in paraffin-embedded and frozen tissue sections by ligation of double-stranded DNA fragments containing digoxigenin or Texas red. Two forms of doublestranded DNA fragments were prepared using the polymerase chain reaction: one was synthesized using