The attention-elaboration hypothesis of memory for schematically unexpected information predicts better source memory for unexpected than expected sources. In three source-monitoring experiments, the authors tested the occurrence of an inconsistency effect in source memory. Participants were presented with items that were schematically either very expected or very unexpected for their source. Multinomial processing tree models were used to separate source memory, item memory, and guessing bias. Results show an inconsistency effect in source memory accompanied by a compensatory schema-consistent guessing bias when expectancy strength is high, that is, when items are very expected or very unexpected for their source.

Persistent infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) is a prerequisite for the development of cervical cancer. Vaccination with virus-like particles (VLP) has demonstrated efficacy in prophylaxis but lacks therapeutic potential. HPV16 L1E7 chimeric viruslike particles (CVLP) consist of a carboxy-terminally truncated HPV16L1 protein fused to the amino-terminal part of the HPV16 E7 protein and self-assemble by recombinant expression of the fusion protein. The CVLP are able to induce L1-and E7-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We have performed a first clinical trial to gain information about the safety and to generate preliminary data on the therapeutic potential of the CVLP in humans. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial has been conducted in 39 HPV16 mono-infected high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) patients (CIN 2/3). Two doses (75 lg or 250 lg) of CVLP were applied. The duration of the study was 24 weeks with 2 optional visits after another 12 and 24 weeks. The vaccine showed a very good safety profile with only minor adverse events attributable to the immunization. Antibodies with high titers against HPV16 L1 and low titers against HPV16 E7 as well as cellular immune responses against both proteins were induced. Responses were equivalent for both vaccine concentrations. A trend for histological improvement to CIN 1 or normal was seen in 39% of the patients receiving the vaccine and only 25% of the placebo recipients. Fifty-six percent of the responders were also HPV16 DNA-negative by the end of the study. Therefore, we demonstrated evidence for safety and a nonsignificant trend for the clinical efficacy of the HPV16 L1E7 CVLP vaccine. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: cervical cancer; clinical trial; immunization; antibody; T cell Genital infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Various molecular and epidemiological studies have documented a correlation between infection with ''high risk'' HPV types and premalignant or malignant tumors of the anogenital tract. 1,2 It is widely acknowledged that a causal relationship exists between persistent HPV infection and development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer. 3,4 There are over 100 known papillomavirus types that are stratified into low and high risk, based on their association with malignant and invasive lesions. More than 95% of invasive cervical cancers are positive for HPV-DNA, mainly from HPV types 16 (50%) and 18 (20%). Moreover, HPV16 can be detected in 30270% of all HPV-positive high grade CIN patients. 5,6 The prevalence of HPV16 in other intraepithelial neoplasias is even higher, e.g., 70280% in high grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. 7 Whereas for low grade CIN a high spontaneous recovery rate is observed 6,8 high grade CIN regress less often particular at higher age when lesions are more persistent. 9 Because of the potential progression of high grade CIN to invasive cancer, 10 a thorough evaluation consisting of colp...

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In July 2012 a revised terminology on colposcopic examinations of the cervix uteri was adopted by IFCPC. Central aspect is a description of characteristics that should aid in the definition of the disease entity cervix uteri. The nomenclature is built up in such a way that the examiner can evaluate colposcopic criteria according to a specific scheme. Firstly it is assessed whether the colposcopy is representative. Then it should be clarified whether or not the findings are normal. If the findings are not normal but rather abnormal the severity of the lesion is classified according to the so-called grade 1 (minor change) and grade 2 findings (major change). Specific abnormal findings such as leukoplakia, erosion and Lugol?s finding are also not defined at this point. Characteristics suspicious for an invasion are described separately, in particular, atypical vessel patterns are mentioned here. As already held in the previous revised nomenclature (Barcelona), various findings are described in a last group: congenital transformation zones (CTZ), congenital anomalies, condylomas (papillomas), endometriosis, polyps (ectocervical, endocervical), inflammation, stenosis, postoperative changes (scarred portio, vaginal stump).

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