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The Stokes parameters have been found to offer a very convenient method for the description of polarization of both electromagnetic radiation and elementary particles. Their development is presented along with some applications to physical problems.

Shock-compression data for water and ice are discussed with respect to freezing and melting. The experimental data show that both 20 °C water and −10 °C ice melt at their calculated Hugoniot melting point. Both ice and water are in the ice-VII state before melting.

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