Alternating temperatures resulted in higher intrinsic rates of increase (rm) than constant temperatures within the range of temperature favourable for growth and reproduction of the pea aphid. This difference was due to slightly faster development and earlier attainment of maximum fecundity at alternating temperatures.Preliminary mathematical models relating rm to constant and alternating temperatures are derived. These are:for constant temperatures andfor alternating temperatures of 5°, 10°, and 15° amplitudes respectively. Average deviation between empirical and computed values is 2%. The efficacy of these models is restricted to temperatures favourable for development and reproduction of the pea aphid.

Alternating temperatures resulted in higher values of the innate capacity for increase Crm) of Drosophila ;;,-/a11ogastcr 1Ieigen than mean constant temperatures \\ithin the range of temperature favorable for growth and reproduction. This difference resulted from slightly iaster development and earlier attainment of maximum iecundity at alternating temperatures.Preliminary mathematical models relating rm to con-In most natural environments. temperature undergoes usually regular die! variations with superimposed irregular fluctuations. A major inadequacy inherent in many laboratory studies on the effects oi temperature on biological processes is that they are condt:cted at const.c1.nt temperatures and therefore fail to approximate natural temperature conditions.The literature concerning the relative effects of c.;nstant and fluctuating temperatures on rates of ~:,JJogical processes generally i,; extensive but inonsistent. l\Iost such studies with insects ha \'e been r:•ncerned witl1 effects on single life parameters such ,,, development. Howe ( 1967) concluded that availz,ble evidence was insufficient to prove that variable tmJperature either stimulates or retards development oi insect eggs.Surprisingly few studies of the effects of Yarying temperatures on the growth of insect populations as :, ,,•hole have been reported. Two recent exceptions cere papers by Strong and Sheldahl ( 1970) and Philip and \\-atson ( 1971), the former dealing with •dy the aduit segment of the population.The present paper is concerned with the effects <,;' some constant and alternating temperatures on ;••. 1 pulations of a strain of Dmsophi/a mclaHogastcr :,Ieigen and formulates preliminary predictive models :~:• the effect oi temperature on the intrinsic rate of ; .. 'i'ulation gro\\1h at temperatures within the favor-~),;e range.:.\!AT£RIALS AXD :METHODS

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Introduction Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that shows the characteristic formation of the Philadelphia chromosome, containing the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. Objective The experience with patients with CML regarding clinical features, as well as efficacy and safety of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as a treatment for CML was analyzed in this study. Materials and methods A retrospective study was conducted in patients diagnosed with CML regarding clinicomorphological features and treatment outcome in a tertiary hospital located in southwest Saudi Arabia from July 2004 to June 2020. The study population included patients diagnosed with CML who were older than 12 years. Patients younger than 12 years, BCR-ABL-negative CML, and other myeloproliferative neoplasm were not included in the study. Medical records of patients were reviewed, and data were collected. Results During this period, 80 patients with CML were treated. The mean age was 41.6 years, with a slight male predominance. Overall, 90% of patients presented with abdominal discomfort and fatigue. Chronic phase represented 90% of all cases, with 55.5% showing intermediate-risk category of the Sokal score. Patients receiving a first-line treatment with first-generation TKI represented 42.5% and second-generation TKIs represented 52.5%. Complete hematological response was noted in 96.2% of patients after 3 months of treatment, and a major molecular response was seen in 77.2% of patients after 12 months of treatment. Adverse events (AEs) of TKI noted were 16 (20%), of which 81.2% were grade 1. They were as follows: pleural effusion in four (5%), neutropenia in two (2.5%), bone marrow suppression in four (5%), and skin itching in six (7.5%) in patients with dasatinib, contributing to 56.2% of all AEs. Overall, four (5%) patients were in treatment-free remission. Mean survival period in chronic phase CML was found to be 15.4 years, whereas in advanced phase CML was 4.7 years. Conclusion Our study revealed that patients with CML were predominantly middle aged with a slight male preponderance. Most patients presented in the chronic phase, with the Sokal score in the intermediate-risk category. Patients were treated upfront with TKIs with a significant number receiving second-generation TKIs. First-generation TKIs had lesser AEs as compared with second-generation TKIs, but these toxicities were mild.