Isr develops, applies and teaches advanced methodologies of design and analysis to solve complex, hierarchical, heterogeneous and dynamic problems of engineering technology and systems for industry and government.Isr is a permanent institute of the university of maryland, within the a. James clark school of engineering. It is a graduated national science foundation engineering research center.

ISR develops, applies and teaches advanced methodologies of design and analysis toAbstract Participation factors are nondimensional scalars that measure the interaction between the modes and the state variables of a linear system. Since their introduction by Verghese, Pérez-Arriaga and Schweppe, participation factors have been used for analysis, order reduction and controller design in a variety of fields. In this paper, participation factors are revisited, resulting in new definitions. The aim of these definitions is to achieve a conceptual framework that doesn't hinge on any particular choice of initial condition. The initial condition is modeled as an uncertain quantity, which can be viewed either in a set-valued or a probabilistic setting. If the initial condition uncertainty obeys a symmetry condition, the new definitions are found to reduce to the original definition of participation factors.

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