Egypt was studied. • Some aspects of deterioration were noticed such as brittleness, cracks, Wrapping, tears and etc. • Analytical techniques (SEM, ATR-FTIR, amino acids, pH. etc. were used to study the characterizations of the historical leather cover of manuscript. • The results proved that the historical leather cover suffers from deterioration caused by different factors.

An Arabic Papyrus sheet stored at the Egyptian National Library and Archives was previously placed on unknown secondary support, and interleaved between two glass sheets enclosed with adhesive tape. This papyrus has various deterioration issues especially in the upper section where there is a large embedded stain causing the papyrus to stick to the secondary support and the glass sheet. Conservation treatments conducted involved cleaning, fibre alignment and rehousing, scientific investigations including visible light microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) were conducted to identify materials involved. A lack of information in the historical records about the excavation and previous conservation treatments increase the importance of the research. The analysis showed that the secondary support is gelatine and Arabic text was written in carbon ink. The gelatine support was successfully removed from the papyrus and the papyrus document was re -housed.

 Identification of the components of the rare historical papers from Atlas of Belzoni using micro-analytical methods.  The results proved that the historical lithographic plate was printed on wove paper from Whatman paper.  Wove paper is the predominant paper type used for fine art prints.  Compounds such as gelatin, alum, and CaCO 3 can be identified using ATR-FTIR and XRD analyses in historical paper.

 The state of preservation of the historical printed plates from a rare nineteenth-century Belzoni's Atlas was studied.  Some analytical techniques were used for condition assessment used for the historical plates studied.  Results showed that the historical prints studied suffered from deterioration caused by a variety of factors. The presence of both gelatin and calcium salts in the historical papers plays a positive role in limiting its deterioration.

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