It is essential to manage waste in an integrated manner, beginning at the domestic and village levels. In fact, there are still a significant number of residents who throw trash carelessly. Jurangjero village, a village in Klaten Regency, Central Java, is an example of a village that does not adequately manage its waste. In addition, the village has agricultural waste issues that require optimal utilization, including rice straw. This community service program aims to increase public awareness of organic and inorganic domestic waste management and agricultural waste management so that they can be applied appropriately to the concept of the green village. The program’s methods included field observations, waste management outreach, and training. The training included the creation of organic fertilizers, eco-bricks, plastic waste containers, and straw paper. Farmer groups and farmer women’s groups have gained an understanding of the management of domestic organic waste into organic fertilizer and compost as a result of the outreach and training activities. Karangtaruna has also gained an understanding of inorganic waste management by applying the recycling concept, which entails transforming plastic refuse into plastic pots and ecobricks. They have also grasped the production of economically valuable art paper from rice stalks. The descriptive analysis revealed that the average pre-test and posttest scores were 55.58 and 76.67, respectively. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that this community service program has increased residents’ knowledge of managing domestic and agricultural waste to create valuable products. The support of the village administration is required for sustainable waste management and the continuation of empowerment initiatives.

Pinctada maxima shells from West Nusa Tenggara has natural minerals called calcite that can be decomposed into CaO compounds as a green catalyst that heterogeneous, base and environmentally friendly. CaO compounds in the nanometer scale is one option as an alternative substitute or replacement of the use of homogeneous catalysts. The purpose of this study was to test the catalytic activity of CaO compound from the pearl shells (P. maxima) based on particle size. The catalytic activity test has been measured against the percentage of yield of methyl ester produced by alcoholysis reaction. Characterization of nano-CaO compounds has been done using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), transmittance electron microscopy (TEM), while methyl esters has been analyzed using the ASTM method. CaO catalyst on the nanometer-scale have more effective catalytic activity than micrometer scale with the yield percentage of methyl ester obtained are 81,61% and 30,71%, respectively. The results of methyl ester characterization by ASTM method has shown that methyl ester has specification that are close to diesel oil, so it can be used as an alternative or substitution on diesel engine.

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are lignocellulosic materials that are a by-product of the palm oil industry, which have less use and utilization is still limited. OPEFB’s high cellulose content could potentially develop into various bioproducts, especially biomaterials. The thermochemical delignification process can obtain high-yieldalpha-cellulose. The cellulose extraction process can be done by combining the bleaching process under acidic conditions and alkaline delignification to obtain high-purity cellulose. The bleaching conditions vary in the concentration of NaClO2, the length of bleaching, the temperature, and the number of stages. The research obtains high α-cellulose by optimizing bleaching conditions under acidic conditions in cellulose’s OPEFB extraction with variability on NaClO2 concentration and bleaching time using response surface methodology (RSM). The bleaching process was implemented at an early stage with a concentration of 3% NaClO2 and a bleaching time of 2 hours as a center point with a bleaching cycle of twice at pH 4–4.5 using acetic acid. Bleached fibers were delignified using 10% NaOH for 2 hours at room temperature. The RSM analysis resulted in optimum bleaching conditions at a concentration of 3.22% NaClO2 for 1 hour, yielding OPEFB’s cellulose of 82.96% ± 2.53, hemicellulose of 9.27% ± 2.28, and lignin of 1.68% ± 0.58. The validation and verification process in the bleaching conditions obtained cellulose of 84.87% and α-cellulose of 88.51%, with a crystallinity index of 70.55% and crystallite size of 2.35 nm. Scanning electron microscopy on surface cellulose morphology at optimum bleaching helped remove hemicellulose impurities, lignin, and inorganic materials and a more intensive opening of cellulose fibrils. The bleaching process optimization point was verified to improve the delignification performance and potentially produce high yield α-cellulose content for microcrystalline cellulose use.

West Nusa Tenggara is a center of sea oyster farming for Pinctada maxima in Indonesia. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) compounds in the shell are one of the decomposed natural minerals to produce calcium oxide (CaO) compound which is able to be used as an alternative heterogeneous catalyst in nanometer scale. This research aims to discover the control factors which influence the production process of nanometer-scaled CaO heterogeneous catalyst and choose the best condition in its production process with a better-quality product. Calcined pearl shell (P. maxima) powder is milled by using Shaker mill. The experimental design is performed by using Taguchi method with an orthogonal matrix consisting of 4 control factor variables, i.e. milling time, ball-to-powder weight ratio, the diameter of milling beads and extent of milling the vial. The selection of best control factor variable combination is computed by using multiresponse loss function. ANOVA analysis shows that the product quality parameter of nano-calcium oxide is influenced by all experiment factors. Multi-response loss function analysis results an optimum factor and level combination under process condition happens during the duration of 3 h milling, the ball-to-powder weight ratio is 1:10, the diameter of milling beads is 5 mm and 55% extent of filling the vial.

Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the economy of Indonesia. It contributed to the 21.20% of national total economy. Global competition is a challenge and an opportunity for SMEs including agroindustry sector. Therefore, it is needed for strengthening their competitiveness. In the midst of this effort, the raising concern about environment issue has increased. This research aims to determine the alternatives or options in production aspect based on lean and green for small-scale crackers industry. Sustainable Value Stream Mapping (SVSM) was applied to describe the production condition and identify wastes from lean and green point of view. Furthermore, Value Stream Analysis Tools (VALSAT) and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) were used to analyze waste throughout the production activity. The results show that the small-scale cracker industry has already implemented synergy of lean and green, however some alternatives for reducing lead time and waste are needed such as demand forecasting and improvement of working methods