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The aim of this article is to diagnose the situation of electromobility in local government units of Polish municipalities. Besides the main features of the communes, the issue of type of strategy that is being built was raised, what are the trends in this respect, and how public transport fits into them? The empirical basis was a survey conducted in 2020 using the CAWI (computer assisted web interview) method, covering all 2477 communes in Poland. Responses were received from 2230 municipalities (90% response rate). Based on the statistical analysis, the main conclusion is that rural communes are less willing to implement the electromobility strategy, but if they decide to do so, they develop long-term strategies. Another conclusion is that the amount of budget revenue per capita does not affect decisions on building an electromobility strategy. Also, a general tendency in Poland is an increase in the propensity to invest in electromobility, mainly in infrastructure for users, compared to public transport and electric buses. The main implication of the study is that Polish public authorities now have background information regarding the theme that can be useful in developing guidelines for local electromobility strategy implementation.

Abstract. The economic downturn will almost certainly increase the length, nature, and depth of crises to be faced by companies. These conditions open opportunities for crisis communication, but the literature still differs about how to plan for crises. This article suggests that public relations learn from business and economics in accepting a crisis as a normal stage, attempts to provide an empirical contribution to the general debate on planning, and sets a benchmark for future studies in the area in Poland. The author's analysis of field research surveys partially confirm the view that existing universal crisis communication procedures can make an organization unnecessarily rigid and that the benefit of such procedures is limited. Therefore, the results challenge the predominant 1990s paradigm (and its contemporary supporters), with regard to planning reactions to a crisis situation. Its provisional conclusions suggest no statistically significant relation between the lack of a specific crisis plan and the outcome (in terms of either economic or reputational losses). However, there are two areas (finance and production), in which the positive aspects of a crisis are closely correlated with organizations which have experienced crises and acted without a communication plan.

The emerging of large, international trading corporations in Poland has been a natural consequence of the changes in the country's political system. However, foreign companies that invested in Poland had to face unusual problems. On the one hand, they were teaching Polish society the rules of a free-market economy but, on the other hand, there was a strong conviction in people's mindset that these corporations' intentions were not good and that it was dangerous for Polish merchants and producers to cooperate with them. One of the first companies that noticed the problem and began working on a coherent program dealing with corporate social responsibility was the German corporation called METRO Group. A program appropriate for the needs of the Polish market was to combine educational, image-oriented and political goals.

Conditions of the EU development policy 7.2. e institutional structure of the EU's assistance for developing countries 7.3. e geographic structure of the EU's assistance for developing countries 7.4. Perspectives for the EU development policy for developing countries