The seasonal effect on haematology and body composition of Rohu and Mrigal carp were evaluated. Fifty-four fish of each species (Rohu length and weight 28.00±0.34 cm and 385±3.40 g; Mrigal carp length and weight 29.48±0.24 cm and 393±5.48 g) were collected from the Dera Ismail Khan. The values of WBCs (9.31 and 8.41×106 mm-3), RBCs (2.37 and 2.12×106 mm-3), Hb (9.58 and 8.78) and HCT (38.06 and 36.04 %) of Rohu and Mrigal carp were higher in summer whereas declined in winter (P<0.05). The MCV, MCH and MCHC of both species were higher (P<0.05) in winter, and decreased during summer. The moisture content of both Rohu and Mrigal carp was higher during winter followed by spring and lower in summer season. Lipid and protein content of both species were higher (P<0.05) in summer and lower in winter. The moisture content, proteins and lipid were found higher in Rohu than Mrigal carp. According to the findings, it was concluded that the water quality parameters vary seasonally which in turn impacts on body physiology of fish species.

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Background: In Pakistan, healthcare policies have been implemented to improve children's oral health, including the provision of dental services at primary healthcare centers, the inclusion of dental care services in health insurance schemes, and the promotion of oral health education among the public. However, it is unclear whether these policies have resulted in uniform changes in pediatric dental coverage and visits across different regions and socioeconomic groups. Objective: This study aimed to investigate variations in pediatric dental coverage and visits following the implementation of healthcare policies in Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used, with a sample size of 200 children aged 0-18 years. Data on pediatric dental coverage and visits were collected through structured interviews with the children and their parents or guardians. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to identify any significant variations in the pediatric dental coverage and visits across different regions and socioeconomic groups. Results: The study found that there were significant variations in pediatric dental coverage and visits across different regions and socioeconomic groups.