Research on agglomeration finds that either a higher survival rate of incumbent firms or a higher founding rate of new entrants, or both, can sustain an industry cluster. The conditioning effects of time on the two distinct mechanisms of survival and founding are, however, rarely examined. We argue that the forces driving geographic concentration vary across the industry life cycle. Data from Ontario's winery industry from 1865 to 1974 demonstrates a dynamic model of geographic concentration: agglomeration attracts more new entry in the growth stage only, whereas it contributes to firm survival in the mature stage only. The results not only establish the importance of understanding the temporal dynamics underlying agglomeration externalities, but also provide a possible explanation for the mixed empirical results found in previous studies.

No abstract

Owing to the service-oriented nature of hospitality organizations, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has drawn increasing attention from hospitality researchers over the last two decades. Taking a systematic and meta-analytical approach, this study presents a comprehensive picture of the status, conceptual and measurement frameworks, fundamental theories, method, antecedents, consequences, and meta-analytical relationships among popular variables. In addition, the study points out research gaps and future directions for hospitality OCB research, drawing on comparison with mainstream OCB literature. In particular, there is a need for more holistic, reliable, and validated OCB frameworks and measures for different hospitality contexts; a need for research on the consequences of OCB at the level of customers, coworkers, and employees; and more rigorous research methodologies. The findings further suggest that the unique characteristics of hospitality organizations not only provide meaningful contexts but also broaden and deepen the scope of OCB theories.

No abstract

No abstract