Dyes are an important class of organic pollutants and well known for their hazardous effects to the aquatic life in general and the human beings in particular. In order to reduce the negative effects of dye contaminated wastewater to the humans and the environment, the wastewater must be treated carefully before discharge into main streams. Advances in science and technology have led to the evolution of several techniques for the removal of dyes from industrial and domestic effluents. In this review, the more recent methods for the removal of dyes from water and wastewater have been discussed. Wastewater treatment techniques such as adsorption, oxidation, flocculation-coagulation, membrane filtration and biological treatment have been highlighted. Besides, efforts were made to review all the available techniques and recently published studies from 2010-2014. Furthermore, performances and special features of these technologies have been summarised. Advantages and limitations of each technique are also presented. Literature survey reveals that chemical oxidation, adsorption, and biological treatments have been the most frequently investigated techniques for dye removal over the past few years.

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The discovery of cis-platin and its second and third generation analogues created a hope in cancer chemotherapy. Cis-platin and its second generation analogue carboplatin have been used for the treatment of some cancers from a long time. The third generation analogues have superior anti-cancer profiles for curing a few cancers. Unfortunately, certain side effects such as renal impairment, neurotoxicity and ototoxicity etc. are associated with these drugs. But, combination therapy makes these analogues more effective with fewer side effects. In addition, the results of some ongoing clinical trials will make the safety profile clear in near future. The present article describes the current status of cis-platin and its analogues in cancer chemotherapy. In addition, special emphasis has been made on cis-platin discovery, development of second (carboplatin, oxaliplatin, nedaplatin) and third (lobaplatin, heptalatin) generation analogues, comparison of their chemotherapies, mechanism of action, therapeutic status, recent developments and chronology. Moreover, attempts have been made to describe the future perspectives of these drugs in the cancer treatment.

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