The purpose of this study was to investigate the process and derivation of the distribution of the sensory nerves that appear in the extraction socket and surrounding alveolar bone following tooth extraction. The right mandibular first molar of rats and periodontal ligament were extracted as a single mass, and the mandible was harvested after days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after extraction. Serial sections of 7 µm thickness were prepared for the proximal root (Section A), buccolingual root (Section B), and centrifugal root (Section C) of the first molar. H–E staining and immunohistochemical staining with anti-S100 antibody and anti-NF-L antibody were carried out. The presence of nerve fiber bundles in the blood clot was already evident on post-extraction day 3, and on post-extraction day 7. On day 3, the number of axons in Sections B and C had greatly decreased, indicating that, after extraction, the connection between peripheral nerve tissue and the trigeminal ganglion was temporarily markedly reduced in the region of the alveolar branch. Although the myelin sheaths were regenerating on day 5, the majority of the axons of the alveolar branches extending from the inferior alveolar nerve were seen to be extremely thin and scattered, despite their further regeneration. The above results suggest that the newly myelinated nerves are actually derived from the bone marrow to the extraction socket, so few nerves, rather than being derived from the alveolar branches that had innervated the extracted tooth.