The ozone layer is part of the atmosphere surrounding Earth. This layer, like anything natural, depends on the balance in its quantitative components, but in front of human aspirations that reach the level of destruction. Make these chemicals a factor in destroying and destroying the ozone layer. Ozone is found naturally in the stratosphere due to a series of interactions between partial oxygenation and atoms. The methods used in the study depend on the monthly and yearly average Ozone (O3), Incident Solar Radiation (ISR) and Temperature (T) taken from the European Mediterranean Weather Forecast (ECMWF) during the period (2014-2018) for the Baghdad region. The largest ozone value was recorded in March and April, and the lowest in September and October. The highest value of Incident Solar Radiation was recorded during June and July and the lowest value in January and December, while the highest value of temperature was during July and August, and the lowest value in January and December. As for seasonal analysis, it was observed that ozone was high during spring and low during summer and Incident Solar Radiation (ISR) and T were observed high in summer and less in winter. In addition, the binding strength of ozone (O3) with ISR was positive and O3 with T inverse.

Clouds greatly affect the elements of climate, energy balance, and solar radiation, which has increased the interest of many researchers in trying to find the best relationships and formulas that link these variables. In this work, the data of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) was relied on. The research aims to find the overlap between Cloud Cover (Low, Middle, High, and Total), (LCC, MCC, HCC, and TCC) respectively, with Total Solar Radiation (TSR) of Baghdad city, for the period (1981-2013), the work was carried out with the monthly and annual data of the (Low, Middle, High, and Total) cloud cover and the total solar radiation falling on a horizontal surface. And by using the correlation coefficient Spearman rho test (rs) to find the strength of the relationship between total solar radiation and cloud cover, it was found that there is an inverse relationship between the total solar radiation falling on a horizontal surface and the (Low, Middle, High, and Total) cloud cover.

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Vegetation determines the percentage of soil covered with green vegetation. Spatial and temporal changes of vegetation occur in the same year due to plant cycle, crop harvesting, animal grazing, and plant pruning, and vegetation areas can be divided into five main types: forest, grassland, tundra, desert, and ice cover. Climate, soil, the soil's water-holding capacity, and the slope or angle of the land determine the types of plants that will grow in a particular area, As Relative humidity is the amount of moisture in the air at a given temperature compared to what the air can hold at that temperature. The air isn't able to hold onto the water vapor because it's moving so fast. To understand the expected changes in the climatic elements of the atmosphere and water, changes in the behavior of Temperature, Relative humidity, and Vegetation cover were studied. Four stations were used over Iraq extending from north to south. The reason for choosing these stations is due to the difference in climatic changes and not only that, as the geographical nature plays an important role in determining the difference of these variables from one region to another and other weather phenomena. Obtained from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecast, which includes average monthly and annual temperatures, dew point, and relative humidity during the period (1988-2018) for selected stations in Iraq. Several results were reached, including that the highest value of vegetation cover for four selected stations during the study period recorded in Baghdad station was more than 0.9, and the lowest value observed in Basra station was less than 0.4. The highest relative humidity value was recorded in the Mosul station where it covered 69% in the northern and central regions of the country specifically in the winter season, and 18% in the western regions of the Rutba station in the spring and autumn. And 13% in the southern regions in the summer as seen in the Basra station. We note that the maximum temperatures were recorded in the summer in July and August due to evaporation in these areas as they are of a dry or semi-arid nature, reaching 55º C and the lowest value in the Mosul station in December and January because this area enjoys green plants and forests and precipitation. When using Spearman's test, it was found that the strength of the correlation is strong between relative humidity and vegetation cover and the relationship is positive between them, in contrast to the relationship between vegetation cover and temperature, the relationship is inverse and the strength of the correlation is weak to medium range, Finally, it was found that the spring and autumn seasons are characterized by dense vegetation cover, and this period is important for plant growth due to the availability of appropriate weather and environmental conditions.

The Volumetric Soil Water Content (VSWC) and Soil Temperature (ST), are important factors in determining the phenomenon of desertification and agricultural drought, where soil temperature plays an important role in determining the date of flower growth. Surface evaporation and water leakage are also associated with climate-related evolution in terms of precipitation production and in the development of weather patterns. The methods adopted in the study depend on the monthly and annual mean of the four levels (L1, L2, L3, and L4) of the volumetric soil water content and soil temperature, taken from the European Centre Medium Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the time period thirty seven years (1980-2016), for selected stations in Iraq (Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba, and Basrah). The greatest value of the volumetric soil water content was recorded in Mosul, and the lowest value was recorded in Basrah. The greatest value of soil temperature recorded in Basrah, and the lowest value in Mosul. The relationship between volumetric soil water content and soil temperature is a very high negative correlation for thirty seven years for the selected stations (Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba, and Basrah).