The electronic properties of a biphenylene network can be effectively regulated in the range of 0.00–4.86 eV by hydrogenation and halogenation, and some of the obtained functionalized biphenylene networks have the potential to photolyse water.

The effects of different types of defects (vacancy, Stone–Wales defects, and heteroatom doping) and varying defect concentrations (single and double defects) on the structure, electronic, and optical properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs).

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