A copper-catalyzed δ-regioselective C­(sp3)–H heteroarylation of N-fluorosulfonamides has been developed. A broad range of heteroarenes were well tolerated and reacted with various N-fluorosulfonamides to give the corresponding heteroarylated amides in good yields. Notably, all types (1°, 2°, and 3°) of δ-C­(sp3)–H bonds in the N-fluorosulfonamides could be regioselectively activated through the 1,5-HAT process. This protocol provides a practical strategy for the functionalization of heteroarenes and amides via forging a C­(sp3)–C­(sp2) bond.

A NaOH-mediated sustainable synthesis of functionalized quinoxalines is disclosed via redox condensation of onitroamines with diols and α-hydroxy ketones. Under optimized conditions, various o-nitroamines and alcohols are well tolerated to generate the desired products in 44−99% yields without transition metals and external redox additives.

Purpose. To determine the effectiveness and safety of trabeculectomy along with amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) for glaucoma. Methods. This systematic review was performed using RevMan 5.3. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library and included studies published until September 2019. The treatment group included patients with AMT and trabeculectomy (group A), and the control group had only trabeculectomy (group B). We only included randomized controlled trials. The outcomes were intraocular pressure (IOP), complete success rate, number of antiglaucoma medications, and complications. Results. Five studies, including 174 eyes (87 eyes in the AMT group and 87 eyes in the control group), were eligible in this review. The parameters had no significant difference in heterogeneity between the AMT and control groups preoperatively. In the AMT group, the mean IOP was significantly lower at 3 and 12 months after operation (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.02, respectively), while the number of complete successes in the AMT group was significantly higher at 6 and 12 months (P = 0.02 and P = 0.003, respectively) compared with the control group. Complications, including a flat anterior chamber and hyphema, appeared to be decreased in the AMT group compared to the control group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.02, respectively). No differences were observed in the number of antiglaucoma medications, hypotony, encapsulated bleb, or choroidal detachment. Conclusion. Compared with only trabeculectomy, it is more efficient and safer to add AMT to trabeculectomy during glaucoma filtering surgery.

A Rh‐catalyzed divergent alkylation of indole derivatives with vinyl carbonate was described. Depending on the substrate and solvent, indoles reacted with vinyl carbonate and alcohols to give C2 carboxymethylated adducts via a sequential three‐component reaction, while indolines reacted with vinyl carbonate in toluene to provide C7 formylmethylated products. The structures of carboxymethylated product 3 a and formylmethylated product 5 a were further confirmed by X‐ray analysis. The current protocol featured broad substrate scope, tunable reaction conditions, divergent functionalization, and good regioselectivity.

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