Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) has been widely applied for the analysis of large biomolecules. The emergence of inorganic material substrates and new organic matrices extend the use...

Probing elemental and molecular structural information with a high spatial resolution is a key bottleneck in determining unknown minerals in the fields of geology and space exploration. Untraditional confocal controlled...

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Two models have been established using the basic definitions of super-resolution characteristic parameters for normalized spot size G T and Strehl ratio S T of a three-zone lateral super-resolution pupil filter with fabrication errors to quantitatively analyze the effect of these fabrication errors on the lateral super-resolution property. These new models established to describe the analytic relationship of G Te and S Te of a pupil filter with its fabrication errors and its transmission function A(r), phase function f(r) and structural parameters directly relate the super-resolution parameters of a three-zone lateral super-resolution pupil filter to its fabrication errors to make the quantitative analyses of the effect of fabrication errors easier, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the analysis, design and fabrication of a three-zone lateral super-resolution pupil filter. The models established for G Te and S Te have been used to analyze the effect of the fabrication errors of a pupil filter on its super-resolution property with a three-zone phaseonly pupil filter as an example.