Background Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) aims to temporarily replace much of the nicotine from cigarettes to reduce motivation to smoke and nicotine withdrawal symptoms, thus easing the transition from cigarette smoking to complete abstinence. Objectives To determine the e ectiveness and safety of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), including gum, transdermal patch, intranasal spray and inhaled and oral preparations, for achieving long-term smoking cessation, compared to placebo or 'no NRT' interventions. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register for papers mentioning 'NRT' or any type of nicotine replacement therapy in the title, abstract or keywords. Date of most recent search is July 2017. Selection criteria Randomized trials in people motivated to quit which compared NRT to placebo or to no treatment. We excluded trials that did not report cessation rates, and those with follow-up of less than six months. We recorded adverse events from included and excluded studies that compared NRT with placebo. Studies comparing di erent types, durations, and doses of NRT, and studies comparing NRT to other pharmacotherapies, are covered in separate reviews. Data collection and analysis Screening, data extraction and 'Risk of bias' assessment followed standard Cochrane methods. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking a er at least six months of follow-up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) for each study. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-e ect model. Main results We identified 136 studies; 133 with 64,640 participants contributed to the primary comparison between any type of NRT and a placebo or non-NRT control group. The majority of studies were conducted in adults and had similar numbers of men and women. People enrolled in the studies typically smoked at least 15 cigarettes a day at the start of the studies. We judged the evidence to be of high quality; we judged most studies to be at high or unclear risk of bias but restricting the analysis to only those studies at low risk of bias did not significantly alter the result. The RR of abstinence for any form of NRT relative to control was 1.55 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.49 to 1.61). The pooled RRs for each type were 1.

Di erent doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation.

Patients with PsA who are female and have metabolic syndrome-related co-morbidities have lower TNFi persistence. Although persistence was lower in patients who had switched to a second TNFi, a substantial proportion of these cases responded, advocating switching to a second TNFi as a valid therapeutic strategy.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have great potential to completely change the development trend of entire industries and become the next generation of commercial solar cells. Compared with polymer solar cells, the nonfullerene all‐small‐molecule organic solar cells (NF‐ASM OSCs) system has the advantages of easy purification, no batch effect, etc. Moreover, their power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeds the commercialization threshold of 10%. Recently, the diversity of small‐molecule materials and the steady increase in PCE values suggest a bright future for NF‐ASM OSCs. Herein, small‐molecule donor and acceptor materials that have been developed in recent years to produce higher device efficiency are introduced.