Cadmium (Cd) is a serious environmental pollutant constraint to plant production in some regions. As an important rare earth element (REE), neodymium (Nd) plays a positive role in plant growth. However, few researches have reported the effect of Nd on Cd toxicity. Thus, our study was to investigate the role of Nd in alleviating of Cd toxicity induced stress. Our results showed that CdCl2 addition significantly inhibited the growth of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) seedlings, while the inhibition was improved by NdCl3 (10 μM and 20 μM). CdCl2 treatment also increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and decreased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes. However, NdCl3 (10 μM and 20 μM) could significantly alleviate oxidative damage and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes in Jerusalem artichoke seedlings exposed to Cd stress. The result suggested that appropriate concentration of NdCl3 could effectively alleviate Cd toxicity is partly related to decreasing oxidative stress and an increase in antioxidant enzyme in H. tuberosus seedlings.