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Graphene, with cracks filled with gold nanoparticles, is grown by chemical vapor deposition on a Cu substrate. The crack-filled graphene not only exhibits superior electrical properties but also forms a better junction with other semiconductors. A high-quality crack-filled graphene/Si Schottky junction solar cell is achieved, demonstrating the highest fill factor (0.79) and best efficiency (12.3%).

This paper describes the specifications developed by and distributed to all of the centrifuge test facilities involved in LEAP-UCD-2017. The specified experiment consisted of a submerged medium dense clean sand with a 5-degree slope subjected to 1 Hz ramped sine wave base motion in a rigid container. This document describes the detailed geometry, sensor locations, methods of preparation, quality control, shaking motions, surface markers, and surface survey techniques.