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Our laboratory previously reported that agonists of the 5-hydoxytryptamine 1F (5-HT) receptor induce renal mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) and that stimulation of the 5-HT receptor following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) accelerated the recovery of renal function in mice. The goal of this study was to examine the contribution of the 5-HT receptor in the regulation of renal mitochondrial homeostasis and renal function in naïve and injured mice. Although 5-HT receptor knockout (KO) mice were healthy and fertile, and did not exhibit renal dysfunction, renal mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial fission gene expression increased at 10 wk of age. The 5-HT receptor KO mice exhibited greater proximal tubular injury and diminished renal recovery after I/R-induced AKI compared with wild-type mice. These findings were associated with persistent suppression of renal cortical MB and ATP levels after injury. In summary, the 5-HT receptor is a component of physiological MB regulation in the kidney, and its absence potentiates renal injury and impedes recovery.