This study aims to determine the long-term impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Population (POP), Economic Complexity Index (ECI), and Energy Intensity (EI) on environmental quality as measured by carbon dioxide (CO2). The objects of this research are lower-middle income countries in the Asian region during the 2000-2018 range. The method used in this research a is Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS). The results of this study indicate that FDI, population, economic complexity, and energy intensity increase the amount of CO2. These results produce policies related to the environment, where the government, the private sector, and the community have the same vision to improve the quality of the environment. The policy that can be taken is by setting strict regulations for investors so that the pollution haven hypothesis does not occur in lower-income countries in Asia. The policy was adopted by imposing a carbon tax. This policy is accompanied by reducing the birth rate, increasing innovation and economic complexity by paying attention to environmental sustainability, as well as carrying out energy transformation. Thus, it is expected to reduce the spread of CO2 that lower-middle-income countries are ready to become upper-middle-income countries or even high-income countries.

The purpose of this study is to determine the causal relationship as well as the long-term and short-term relationship between total energy consumption, foreign direct investment (FDI), and labor force participation rates in OECD countries from 1994 to 2019 using Granger Causality Test and Vector Error Correction Model (VCEM). In this study, it is found that energy consumption and FDI have a two-way causality, energy consumption and the labor force participation rate have a two-way causality and FDI and the labor force participation rate have a two-way causality. In the long term, FDI has a significant positive effect on energy consumption while labor force participation has an insignificant negative effect on energy consumption. Meanwhile, in the short term, FDI and labor force participation rates have no effect. This research contributes to decision-making in the field of energy, FDI, and improving the quality and quantity of the workforce in OECD countries.

This research aims to find out the long-term and short-term effects of the oil price variable on the exchange rate, as well as the variables of foreign exchange reserves, relative money supply, relative GDP, and interest rates relative to the exchange rate in Indonesia. The analytical method used is the Error Correction Model (ECM). This study's results indicate a significant negative effect between the variables of foreign exchange reserves, relative GDP, and relative interest rates on exchange rates in the long term and short term. There is an insignificant positive relationship between oil prices and the exchange rate in the long term and a significant positive relationship in the short term. There is an insignificant negative effect between the money supply relative to the exchange rate in the long term and a significant negative relationship in the short term.

Globalization is one of the keys related to the success of the country's economy. This study aims to find out how globalization affects economic growth. The globalization index used in this study includes economic globalization, political globalization, and social globalization. The object of this study was 10 ASEAN countries from 2013 to 2019. The method used in this study was Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) using the EViews 10 application. The research procedure goes through several stages, including classical assumption testing consisting of normality tests, multicollinearity detection, heteroskedasticity tests, and autocorrelation tests. Furthermore, testing for the best model selection is carried out, and hypothesis testing is carried out. The results of this study show that globalization can improve the economies of 10 ASEAN countries. This can be seen in economic, political, and social globalization, both partially and simultaneously having a significant positive effect on economic growth. Finally, this study provides policy recommendations for ASEAN countries related to globalization and economic development.

This type of research is quantitative descriptive. This study looks at the impact of tourism, foreign direct investment, and institutions on economic growth in ASEAN. The scope of this research is 10 ASEAN member countries from 2003-2021. This study uses five independent variables: international tourism receipts, Feign Direct Investment (FDI), the rule of law, government effectiveness, and regulatory quality. The dependent variable is GDP as a proxy for economic growth. The data used is secondary data sourced from the World Bank. The analytical method used is the panel data regression analysis method. Based on the results of this study, it was found that international tourism receipts, foreign direct investment, the rule of law, government effectiveness, and regulatory quality together affected GDP as a proxy for economic growth in ASEAN countries in 2003-2021. Partially, international tourism receipts, the rule of law, and government effectiveness positively and significantly affect economic gr. In contrast, FDI and regulatory quality have yet to influence economic growth in ASEAN countries from 2003-2021.