The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 3.1. Hydrolysis 3.2. Transesterification 3.3. Ammonolysis 3.4. Reduction 3.5. Claisen Condensation 3.6. Pyrolysis 4. Natural Sources 5. Production 5.1. Esterification of Carboxylic Acids 5.1.1. Catalysts 5.1.2. Industrial Processes 5.2. Alkylation of Metal Carboxylates 5.3. Acylation with Acyl Halides 5.4. Acylation with Carboxylic Anhydrides 5.5. Transesterification 5.6. Acylation with Ketenes 5.7. Carbonylation 5.8. Condensation of Aldehydes 5.9. Alcoholysis of Nitriles 5.10. Acylation of Olefins 5.11. Ethoxylation of Carboxylic Acids 5.12. Orthocarboxylic Acid Esters 5.13. Lactones 6. Environmental Protection 7. Quality Specifications and Analysis 8. Storage and Transportation 9. Uses and Economic Aspects 10. Toxicology and Occupational Health

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 2.1. Anhydrous Oxalic Acid 2.2. Oxalic Acid Dihydrate 3. Chemical Properties 4. Production Processes and Raw Materials 4.1. Oxidation of Carbohydrates 4.2. Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol 4.3. Oxidation of Propene 4.4. Production from Carbon Monoxide 4.5. Production of Anhydrous Oxalic Acid 5. Chemical Analysis 6. Uses 6.1. Metal Treatment 6.2. Textile Treatment 6.3. Bleaching Agents 6.4. Chemical Uses 7. Economic Aspects 8. Storage, Handling, Transportation, Waste Disposal 9. Derivatives 9.1. Salts 9.2. Organic Derivatives 10. Toxicology

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 4. Natural Sources 5. Production 5.1. Saturated Monocarboxylic Acids 5.1.1. Aldehyde Oxidation 5.1.2. Carboxylation of Olefins, Koch Process 5.1.3. Oxidation of Alkanes 5.1.4. Alkali Fusion of Alcohols 5.2. Unsaturated Monocarboxylic Acids 6. Environmental Protection 7. Quality Specifications and Analysis 8. Storage and Transportation 9. Uses 10. Specific Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids 10.1. Butyric Acids 10.2. Valeric Acids 10.3. Octanoic Acids 10.4. 2‐Ethylhexanoic Acid 10.5. Nonanoic Acids 10.6. Isodecanoic Acid 10.7. Pivalic Acid 10.8. Versatic Acids and Neo Acids 10.9. Propiolic Acid 11. Trade Names, Economic Aspects 12. Toxicology and Occupational Health 13. Derivatives 13.1. Acyl Halides 13.2. Anhydrides 13.3. Lactams 13.4. Halogenated Carboxylic Acids