Intratumoral injection of Ad-p53 allowed for exogenous transfer of the p53 gene and expression of functional p53 protein. However, at the dose and schedule evaluated, transduced cells were only found within a short distance of the injection site. Although toxicity was minimal, widespread distribution of this agent remains a significant goal.

Intraventricular thrombolysis with urokinase speeds the resolution of intraventricular blood clots, compared with treatment with ventricular drainage alone.

Withholding radiotherapy after a high-percentage resection of NFA leads to a higher recurrence rate, but it avoids exposing all patients to the risks of radiation. Deferring radiotherapy for patients with complete or near-complete resection seems to be a safe and prudent approach, as our data suggest that recurrences may be detected early with high-resolution imaging and treated effectively with radiation at time of recurrence. Therefore, immediate postoperative radiotherapy may be eliminated for patients with complete or near complete resection of NFA and who agree to undergo close follow-up for a long period.