T1-weighted contrast comparable with that of magnetization-prepared rapid GRE sequences with a 1-second delay and preparation time (TP) of 600-700 msec can be achieved in less time by using a zero delay and a shorter TP (400-500 msec).

on behalf of the ISMRM Safety CommitteeThis article is intended to provide guidelines for the minimum level of safety and operational knowledge that an MR system operator should exhibit in order to safely perform an MR procedure in a human subject in a research setting. This article represents the position of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) regarding this important topic and was developed by members of this society's MR Safety Committee. DESCRIPTIONTHE CONTENT of this article is intended to provide an outline of the guidelines for the minimum level of safety and operational knowledge that a magnetic resonance (MR) system operator should exhibit in order to safely scan a human subject in a research setting. RATIONALEThis article represents the position of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) regarding this important topic and was developed by members of this society's MR Safety Committee.These guidelines are meant to specifically focus on potential MR safety-related matters to ensure that operation of the research facility is carried out in a safe manner for the subject undergoing the MR procedure, associated researchers, and healthcare providers. All the requirements for the MR system operator relating to the quality, efficiency, and/or efficacy of the research to be performed must be defined by the principal investigator responsible for the specific research project under consideration.Furthermore, these guidelines cover the minimum requirements to ensure basic safety, and do not cover other issues related to invasive procedures, interventional procedures, or the administration of MRI contrast agents, which require special consideration and are beyond the scope of this article.Finally, this article only provides an outline for the minimum standards that MR sites should consider in order to set up their MR safety plan; this article therefore does not intend to mandate how MR system operators obtain the necessary education and training but rather establishes the baseline of MR safety topics in which the operators must be proficient. Therefore, it is the individual site's responsibility to define how, by whom, and by what sources the MR system operator obtains the necessary safety-related knowledge, acknowledging that specific details and requirements may vary between centers, countries, etc. DEFINITIONS AND RESPONIBILITIESGiven the difference in existing nomenclature and to avoid any possible misunderstanding, the

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A new approach to flying qualities specification and evaluation is presented which coordinates current research in the areas of pilot ratings, pilot-aircraft modeling techniques, and simulation and flight test procedures. A time domain pilot model is described which can model discontinuous and nonlinear pilot behavior in conjunction with completely general time-varying nonlinear aircraft models to simulate both discrete and continuous maneuvers. This pilot-aircraft model is applied to an existing set of in-flight simulation data, and calculates tracking error and time-on-target statistics for step target tracking that directly relate to the reported pilot comments and ratings.

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