No abstract

Strictures have multiple causes and may be an important indicator of underlying abnormalities. They often require interventional radiologic or surgical treatment.

No abstract

Stones and sludge are relatively infrequent after liver transplantation but are associated with high morbidity. Surgical or interventional radiologic treatments are usually performed. Bile duct stones are usually treated with surgical biliary reconstruction. While debris and bile duct necrosis are due to ischemia from hepatic artery occlusion, sludge may also have an ischemic pathogenesis in some cases.

Most biliary tract carcinomas complicating PSC can be demonstrated on imaging studies.