No abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of goat bile in BALB/c mice since some Indonesian people consume raw goat gallbladder to treat malaria and increase stamina. Materials and Methods: Acute toxicity test was done in six groups of BALB/c mice using 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.75% of goat bile and negative control. The death of mice was observed within 14 days. In the subacute toxicity test, the body weight and hematology parameters on day 0 and day 4 post-treatment were evaluated. The mice were closely observed for 28 days before plasma collection for the blood biochemistry evaluation. Results: Mild diarrhea was observed in acute and subacute toxicity tests. No death of mice was observed in acute test. Goat bile did not inhibit the increase of the body weight of mice. A slight reduction in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in mice treated with 25% and 50% goat bile, however, remained normal in mice treated with 100% goat bile. The red and white blood cell count were not affected. Liver and kidney functions were not affected by goat bile treatment as revealed by the plasma level of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine, which remained in the normal range. Conclusion: Goat bile treatment in BALB/c mice caused mild toxicity in mice. Hydrophobic bile acids may cause the toxicity of goat bile in mice; therefore, it is recommended that goat bile consumption not to be taken oftenly to avoid its harmful effect.

<p class="KEYWORDS">Alcoholic hepatitis is a common cause of non-viral hepatitis. Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) contains xanthorrhizol and curcuminoid that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this research was to detect the effect of Curcuma xanthorrhiza in decreasing hydropic degeneration and lymphocytes in alcohol-induced mice. This experimental research used post-test only controlled design. Randomly, 35 mice were divided into five groups. Four groups were induced by alcohol 30% of 4ml/kgBW in 10 days, and one group was normal group (negative control). Three of the four alcohol-induced groups were given Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract at doses of 42, 84, and 168 mg/kgBW in 10 days, 1 hour after alcohol induction. Mice livers were taken for Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining.  Hydropic degeneration and lymphocytes in the liver lobules were examined under a microscope. The statistical analysis used in this research was the Kruskal-Wallis, the Mann-Whitney test, and the Independent Sample T Test. P-value is significant if &lt;0.05. The result of this research were all doses of Javanese turmeric extract significantly reduced hydropic degeneration. Doses of 84 and 168 mg/kgBW also reduced inflammatory lymphocytes (p&lt;0.05). The dose of 168 mg/kgBW reduced the lymphocyte inflammation maximally. There was no significant difference between increasing Javanese turmeric dose and decreasing hydropic degeneration and lymphocytes (p&gt;0.05). This research shows that Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) can attenuate hepatitis by decreasing hydropic degeneration and lymphocytes in alcohol-induced liver.</p>

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women throughout the world, with new cases and deaths which continue to increase. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L) have been used extensively in traditional medicine, including cancer. Acetogenin, alkaloids, and phenols contained in soursop leaves are known to have anti-cancer effects. Among them, acetogenin has the most dominant role and reported to have a cytotoxic effect on various cancer cell lines. This study aims to determine the cytotoxic activity of soursop leaf ethanol extract on T47D breast cancer cell line. Measurement of cytotoxic activity was carried out by the MTT method, and the viability percentage of T47D cells was calculated based on the absorbance values in the treatment, cell control, and media control groups of each replicate. The correlation between extract concentration and viability percentage of the T47D cell line was outlined in the regression equation to obtain the IC50 value. IC50 values of 109.91 ± 3.04 with R values 0.975 and R2 0.9508 obtained. R values close to 1 indicated a strong correlation between extract concentration and the percentage of living T47D cells. Meanwhile, the amount of R2 suggested that the level of AMEE had a 95.08% influence on the rate of cell viability, and the other 4.92% influenced by factors other than the AMEE dose. These results indicated that the ethanol extract of soursop leaves has a cytotoxic effect and has the potential to inhibit T47D cell proliferation in vitro.

Background: Snakehead fish has been associated with wound healing due to its high albumin content. Albumin can accelerate the inflammatory process so that tissue repair will be faster. Lack of albumin protein causes a person tend to experience prolonged wound healing. Purpose: This study aims to prove the effect of snakehead fish extract on the number of macrophages and blood vessels on the inflammatory reaction of skin wound tissue in rats. Methods: Laboratory experimental design with a total sample size of 27 male rats have undergone incisions, divided into 3 random groups: control group was given aquadest, treatment group 1was given aquadest and 50% extract of snakehead fish, and treatment group 2 was given 100% extract of snakehead fish. The rat’s skin wound tissues were taken on day 5 and observed under the microscope. The average number of macrophages and blood vessels on granulation tissue that formed at the base of the wound were counted and then performed data analysis. Result: In this study, we found a down wards trend in the average number of macrophages and blood vessels in treatment group 1 and treatment group 2. The control group and the treatment group 2 showed a significant difference, however, between the other groups did not show significant difference. Conclusion: There is a significant effect of giving 100% snakehead fish extract on decreased macrophages and blood vessels in the inflammatory reaction of skin wound tissue.