Introduction: Bupropion is currently mainly used as an atypical antidepressant due to its psychotropic effects. In addition, it shows high potential in reducing withdrawal cravings in addicts, which is also used in the treatment of nicotinism. However, studies in recent years have shown that it may also be useful in other conditions.Aim of the study: Our aim was to review the known usage of bupropion in the fields of psychiatry, neurology and internal medicine, and to identify potential directions for further research. Methods and materials: We reviewed the literature available in the PubMed database, using the key words: "bupropion"; "depression"; "smoking cessation"; "obesity"; "ADHD".Results: Bupropion- an antidepressant drug belonging to the group of selective norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors. Bupropion is approved by the FDA(Food and Drug Administration) for the treatment of depression, seasonal affective disorder and nicotinism. The literature shows that it is also effective in off-label indications - treatment of antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression in bipolar disorder, obesity, neuropathic pain and cancer-related fatigue syndrome.Conclusion: Due to the specific effects of bupropion, there are many more usage for the drug than the primary indications for which it is usually used. The usage of the drug described in the literature require additional studies on a larger group of patients.

How to restore your voice? -rehabilitation methods after laryngectomy.

Introduction: Retroperitoneal fibrosis (Ormond's disease; RPF) is a rare condition characterized by chronic inflammation and resulting progressive fibrosis of the retroperitoneal space. Due to its low prevalence and uncharacteristic symptoms, it is often overlooked in the diagnostic process, resulting in a late-stage diagnosis when complications are already present and treatment options are limited. The aim of the study: The purpose of our study was to present, based on the available literature, the latest reports on the diagnosis and treatment of Ormond disease. State of knowledge: The diagnosis of RPF is based on an anamnesis and imaging. Sometimes a surgical biopsy of the fibrous tissue is necessary. The pathogenesis remains partly unclear. There is no characteristic laboratory marker for early diagnosis of the disease. It is important to distinguish the primary form from the secondary form, in which the trigger factors are known. In therapy, steroid therapy is still the standard. Attempts are being made to treat with other immunosuppressants and biologic drugs with good results, which speaks to the autoimmune basis of the disease. In some cases, surgical treatment and removal of fibrous tissue compressing abdominal structures is essential. Summary: Although the state of knowledge about retroperitoneal fibrosis has been greatly expanded in recent years, many questions remain to be clarified, especially about its pathogenesis and possible early clinical clues to facilitate diagnosis.

Introduction: Heart failure affects an estimated 23 million people, as many as 50% of whom suffer from a heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), in which the left ventricle ejection fraction is <40% and is accompanied by clinical symptoms. Given the high mortality rate in this group of patients and the continuous suboptimal control of the condition, novel pharmacotherapy regimens are needed to slow the progression of the disease. Preliminary studies report a positive effect of including an angiotensin receptor antagonist and neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) in this group of patients. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to summarize the benefits of ARNI in a group of patients with HFrEF. Methods and materials: This article is based on the literature found in PubMed Database with use of keywords such as “ARNI”, “neprilysin inhibition”, HFrEF”, “heart failure” Results: The benefits of ARNI therapy in patients with HFrEF originate from reversing myocardial remodeling and increasing left ventricular ejection fraction. ARNI therapy is associated with reduced number of hospitalizations and a lower need for intensive treatment. In addition, ARNI use reduces the risk of cardiovascular death and is responsible for lower overall mortality rate compared to pharmacotherapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARBs). Conclusion: ARNIs in patients with HFrEF have a positive effect on the rate of cardiovascular hospitalization, as well as reducing cardiovascular-related mortality and total mortality. Future research studies should evaluate the predictive factors of response to treatment with this group of drugs using larger groups of patients.

Introduction: Osteoarthritis of the knee is one of the more common causes of disability in the elderly. In the United States, one in four adults suffers from the condition, half of whom are under the age of 65. The most commonly affected joint is the knee. A significant proportion of people in the 35-65 age range have degeneration in one compartment of the knee joint. Among the younger population, when non-operative methods are already failing and it is too early for surgery, there is a place for the ATLAS Knee System. Aim of the study:  The purpose of our work is to present a new and innovative form of treatment for single-compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. Based on the available literature, to show the advantages, disadvantages and results of treatment with the ATLAS Knee System. Methods and materials: A literature review was conducted in the PubMed database, using the keywords: "Atlas Knee System"; "osteoarthritis"; "knee osteoarthritis". Results: The ATLAS system is built with an absorber that, as the knee is stretched, absorbs the forces acting on the medial compartment, while not putting stress on the rest of the knee joint. After patients use the implant, a significant reduction in pain and improvement in knee function is observed. Conclusion: Osteoarthritis is a significant health problem increasingly prevalent even among the younger population. The ATLAS system provides an alternative for younger people in whom conservative treatment has failed, while more invasive methods such as osteotomies and total or single-unit prosthetics are impossible or rejected by the patient. More studies are needed, on a larger number of people to accurately evaluate this system.