streszczenie: Strefy podmiejskie największych aglomeracji w Polsce są obszarami koncentracji problemów komunikacyjnych na czele z kongestią w ruchu drogowym. Problemy te wynikają głównie z niekontrolowanej i żywiołowej formy suburbanizacji jaką zaobserwować można w Polsce w ostatnich latach. Chaos i rozproszenie zabudowy przekłada się na niewydolność transportu zbiorowego i uzależnienie od samochodu. Przeciwdziałanie tym procesom powinno mieć charakter oddolny, czyli zmierzać do ograniczenia potrzeb przemieszczeń z wykorzystaniem transportu indywidualnego, głównie dzięki rozwojowi przestrzennemu w oparciu o wysoką dostępność transportu zbiorowego. Szczególną rolę w kontekście codziennych, wahadłowych przemieszczeń ze stref podmiejskich do rdzenia aglomeracji powinien odgrywać transport kolejowy, który jest niezależny od ruchu drogowego, niskoemisyjny, a także posiada wysoką zdolność przewozową. W poniższym artykule podjęta została próba oceny integracji pomiędzy rozwojem zabudowy mieszkaniowej a systemem infrastruktury kolejowej na przykładzie obszarów wiejskich we wrocławskiej strefie podmiejskiej. Ocena została oparta o trzy elementy: położenie stacji kolejowej w odniesieniu do środka ciężkości zabudowy, symetria zabudowy wsi względem linii kolejowej oraz udział zabudowy w strefach jednakowej odległości (buforach).

Relationships between the activities of bus carriers and rail passenger traffic (and the railway offer) are examined in this article. The study was carried out in peripheral areas located at the Polish and Czech borderlands in Lower Silesia province. High quality rail transport generally increases the demand for transport services. Therefore, the proper development of transport offer plays a key role in the functioning of public transport systems, the backbone of which is rail transport. The study also shows that under conditions of transport market deregulation, bus carriers have developed a competitive network which is not complementary to rail transport. As a consequence, the deregulation of the transport market has increased the risk of transport exclusion.

Abstrakt: Factors affecting passenger behaviour can be divided into the internal (relating to transport supply) and the external (which are independent of carriers). The literature emphasises that, as rail transport develops, supply becomes comparable along many routes, leaving external factors to be regarded as increasingly important. In contrast, the authors of this article consider that deregulation and transformation of the rail transport system in Poland have ensured that internal factors continue to exert the primary influence on passenger behaviour in this country. The work detailed in this article has thus sought to demonstrate the impact of transport supply on passenger volume at individual stations in those towns and cities of the region of Lower Silesia that have access to rail passenger transport throughout the year.

Modernization of the railway lines and efficient use of them are significant component of creating public transport offer. One of the example of modernized line is “Koniecpol prosthesis”, which connects Opole with Częstochowa. This route was modernized to increase competitiveness of railway transport (in the time aspect) between Wrocław and Warszawa and Kraków. The aim of this paper is to show impact of that investment for changes in offer of railway transport in years 2013-16. Selected routes are characterized by high communication potential and expanded net of connections. Paper can be basis for future researches of effective use of modernized railway lines.

At present the digital divide has started to be considered not so much in the context of Internet access itself or the skills of Internet users, but in terms of Internet performance. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed that faster Internet made it easier to adapt to the new reality. But not all areas can benefit from good Internet connection. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify spatial regularities in Internet performance on a local scale. This study is based on a set of data generated by Internet users, collected using the publicly available Ookla Speedtest measurement tool. The information about Internet speed and latency obtained in this way shows the actual Internet speed experienced. The analyses have indicated significant characteristics of the spatial differentiation of Internet performance. First, in the case of the Internet, the core-periphery dimension is not universal and obvious, as regional systems are strongly marked. Second, perceiving the digital divide mainly through the prism of Internet access is an insufficient approach.