Democratic politics creates a specific ‘chain of representation’. According to Article 104 of the Polish Constitution, the MPs are the representatives of the entire Nation. The understanding of the “entire Nation” allows to determine whether national identity is open and inclusive, or closed and exclusive. One can distinguish two ideal types of a nation: heterogeneous and homogeneous. The first type is connected to the universalist understanding of “constitutional essentials”, the second to the particularistic one. In the paper, we pointed out the elements of heterogeneity in the text of Polish constitutions as well as the elements of homogeneity in the constitutional practice. Religion becomes an important factor influencing the interpretation and application of the constitution. The heterogeneous concept of the nation and the universalist “constitutional essentials” can be narrowed down in the political practice. The particularistic elements of the constitution and the homogenizing tendencies present in the application of the constitution might lead to polarization. In such a case, there would be a radical reinterpretation of the entire chain of delegation.
Nowożytne teorie umowy społecznej stanowiły próbę wypracowania racjonalnej teorii legitymizacji państwa i prawa polegającej na sformułowaniu warunków, które miałyby uzasadnić tezę, że w domniemanym stanie natury jednostki dobrowolnie ukonstytuowałby państwo i podstawowe zasady jego ustroju. Zarówno w teorii Thomasa Hobbesa, jak i Johna Locke'a zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa jednostkom stanowiło podstawowy cel istnienia państwa i prawa. Z tego względu jednostki musiały zrzec się naturalnej wolności i upoważnić państwo do ustanawiania praw i stosowania przymusu. Czy zatem można zgodzić się z Hobbesem, gdy pisze, że "zgoda poddanego na władzę suwerenną zawiera się w tych słowach: uznaję czyli biorę za siebie wszystkie jego działania. W tym nie ma żadnego ograniczenia pierwotnej wolności przyrodzonej, albowiem, pozwalając mu zabić mnie, nie zobowiązuję się zabić samego siebie, gdy on mi to rozkazuje?" 1. Czy w stanie państwowym nadal możne obowiązywać opisana przez Locke'a zasada stanu natury, że w tym stanie "każdy człowiek posiada władzę zgładzenia zabójcy, by w wyniku przykładnego ukarania, powstrzymać innych od wyrządzenia podobnej krzywdy, której żadne zadośćuczynienie nie może zrekompensować, a która to władza ma się odnosić do każdego, a także by zabezpieczyć ludzi przed zamachami zbrodniarza, który wyrzekając się rozu
The subject of the article is the issue of the political nature of the constitution and its scientific description from the point of view of pure Kelsen’s theory of law. We propose in it the thesis that although politics is not an object of legal knowledge, it is a necessary condition of the ontology of constitution. According to this theory, the cognition and description of the constitution (metaphorically speaking: its epistemology) relate to the content of valid norms, while its ontology consists of two elements: legal authorization and political will. The ontology of the constitution has a two-fold character: first, its creation and effectiveness is based primarily on the will of the constitution’s creator and on the will of entities applying the constitution (political aspect); secondly, its objectively validity presupposes that the creator of the constitution has a normative authorization to establish it (legal aspect). The inclusion by pure theory of law of the political at the ontological level is concomitant with its complete removal from the epistemological field. the consequence of such a cleansing of the cognitive field is, firstly, the dependence of the description on the condition of efficacy, i.e. ultimately on the acts of will of the subjects performing the functions of state organs, and, secondly, the ‘defencelessness’ in the event that the legal researcher finds a content incompatibility between the constitution and the acts of its application.
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