2016),"Futures of science with and for society: towards transformative policy orientations", foresight, Vol. 18 Iss 3 pp. 276-296 http://dx.Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emerald-srm:393177 [] For AuthorsIf you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. Abstract Purpose -Although new forms of innovation such as open innovation, user innovation or crowdsourcing have been intensively discussed in the past decade, there is little systematic exploration of their wider positive and negative effects on economy, society and environment. Based on the recent debate in the literature and findings from a European foresight project, this paper aims to discuss the critical aspects of new forms of innovation such as increased participation, the use of information technologies and the increased pace of innovation and their challenges for innovation policy. Design/methodology/approach -Based on a collection of international practice examples from industry and society, innovation visions have been generated and assessed by different experts across whole Europe. Findings -A generic trend identified can be best described as open, distributed and networked innovation process. Although many new innovation models accelerate the innovation process, there are also some counter trends which in some fields may slow down the innovation process. In addition, the increased use of web-based tools, algorithms and information technologies raises new questions concerning the protection of intellectual property and data security. This reveals new questions for policymaking, which have not gained much attention on the European level so far.Originality/value -Although there is an established discourse around potentially negative impacts of the outcomes of the innovation processes notably in the field of technology assessment, innovation capacity is usually seen as a desirable characteristic of innovation systems. In this paper, the possible negative aspects of new innovation models, an issue hardly addressed in the innovation literature so far, are discussed.
Executive Summary 1 Einleitung 2 Konzeptioneller Hintergrund der Wirkungsanalyse 2.1 Die Wirkungsanalyse in der Evaluation FTI-politischer Programme 1 Unter Wirkungsabschätzung kann die Prognose und Antizipation von Wirkungen verstanden werden, während bei der Wirkungsanalyse bereits beob achtbare bzw. eingetretene Wirkungen untersucht werden. Im Folgenden fallen, wenn nicht explizit unterschieden wird, beide Herangehensweisen unter den Begriff der Wirkungsanalyse. 6 An dieser Stelle soll darauf hingewiesen werden, dass viele statistische Analysen (z.B. Korrelationen) zwar einen statistisch signifikanten Zusammen hang zwischen zwei Variablen identifizieren können, diese jedoch noch keine Rückschlüsse über eine tatsächliche Ursache-Wirkungs-Kausalität zulassen. Dazu sind theoretische Überlegungen und Interpretationen notwendig. 7 Der Mitnahmeeffekt tritt dann auf, wenn ein gefördertes Verhalten auch ohne den zusätzlichen Förderanreiz stattgefunden hätte. Substitutionseffekte bezeichnen etwa, wenn ein gefördertes Projekt ein anderes Projekt ersetzt bzw. dieses im Förderfall nicht stattfindet. Verdrängungseffekte beschreiben die Verdrängung privater durch öffentliche Investitionen.
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