(149 ± 9.09 to 192 ± 10.12). Drug permeation through excised rat abdominal skin was prolonged. Films containing penetration enhancers showed higher ex vivo drug permeation than those without the enhancer; furthermore, drug permeation increased with increase in the concentration of enhancer. The films were non-irritating to the skin. In RCT, F3 (containing turpentine oil, 1 %v/w) decreased the pain score from 9.87 ± 1.14 to 4.94 ± 0.78 units, compared with the SR tablet (once daily) which decreased pain from 9. 59 ± 0.42 to 6.49 ± 1.20 units, 48 h post-administration