No abstract

Membrane technology offers the best options to "drought proof" mankind on an increasingly thirsty planet by purifying seawater or used (waste) water. Although desalination by reverse osmosis (RO) and wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactors are well established the various membrane technologies still need to be significantly improved in terms of separation properties, energy demand and costs. We can now define the ideal characteristics of membranes and advances in material science and novel chemistries are leading to increasingly effective membranes. However developments in membranes must be matched by improved device design and membrane engineering. It is likely that limitations in fluid mechanics and mass transfer will define the upper bounds of membrane performance. Nevertheless major advances and growth over the next 20 years can be anticipated with RO remaining as the key to desalination and reclamation, with other membrane processes growing in support and in niche areas.

No abstract

Thermally responsive hydrogel with a transition temperature of ~32 °C was for the first time studied as a novel candidate in thermochromic application. Unprecedented solar modulating ability (ΔTsol) of 25.5% and high average luminance transmittance (Tlum) of 70.7% were achieved.

Aqueous solutions of a methylcellulose, ranging from 0.30 to 2.49 wt %, were studied by means of micro differential scanning calorimetry (micro DSC) and rheology. The effects of polymer concentration on the thermodynamic properties of these solutions were examined through a heating process and a following cooling process at a fixed rate of 1 °C/min. Upon heating, an endothermic peak was observed at about 63 °C, which was independent of polymer concentration. The total energy defined by the endothermic peak area was found to be a linear function of polymer concentration. On the other hand, when samples were cooling from about 90 °C, a broad exothermic peak appeared at about 33 °C, and the peak height and its broadness increased with polymer concentration. A shoulder was observed above the peak temperature of 33 °C, and the shoulder became more prominent with increasing polymer concentration to eventually appear as a second peak at about 40 °C. The thermal analysis results clearly show that the association of methylcellulose molecules in water is thermorevesible but the dissociation occurred at much lower temperatures than the association temperatures. The viscoelastic properties of these solutions correlated excellently with the results obtained from the micro thermal analysis. Thermodynamic mechanisms involved in the association and the dissociation are proposed.