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The high-order harmonic generation (HHG) of the monolayer hexagonal boron nitride driven by near-infrared laser pulses with different polarization is investigated with the real-time time-dependent density functional theory. The harmonic yield can be manipulated by tuning the laser intensity, ellipticity, waveform, and polarization. The symmetry of the interacting system is used to analyze various characteristics of the harmonic spectra. We theoretically verify the generation of circular high-order harmonics from solid by a single circularly polarized and a counter-rotating bichromatic circularly polarized field, which is consistent with the predictions of the selection rules. The selection rules based on dynamical symmetry analyses are derived in detail. We find that for the same energy the incident laser pulse, the bichromatic co-rotating and counter-rotating circularly polarized laser fields can produce harmonics more efficiently than a linearly polarized laser. Extension of HHG in 2D materials to the XUV regime and the possible realization of circularly polarized harmonics pave a way to the development of novel nanoscale attosecond light sources.

ObjectiveThe prognostic nutritional index (PNI) is an important prognostic factor for survival outcomes in various hematological malignancies. The current study focused on exploring the predictive value of the PNI in newly diagnosed follicular lymphoma (FL) in China.Materials and methodsThe clinical indicators and follow-up data of 176 patients who received chemotherapy or immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy with FL in our hospital from January 2016 to March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Cox proportional hazard model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to calculate survival rates and draw survival curves. The log-rank test was applied to compare differences between groups.ResultsThe optimal cut-off value of PNI was 44.3. All patients were divided into a high PNI group (>44.3) and a low PNI group (≤44.3). The low PNI group had a low CR rate and a high risk of death, with a tendency toward POD24, and Both OS and PFS were worse than those in the high PNI group. PNI was able to predict OS and PFS in FL patients and was the only independent predictor of OS (P = 0.014 HR 5.024; 95%CI 1.388∼18.178) in multivariate analysis. PNI could re-stratify patients into groups of high FLIPI score, high FLIPI2 score, no POD24, and rituximab combined with chemotherapy. Moreover, integrating PNI into the FLIPI and FLIPI2 models improved the area under the curve (AUC) for more accurate survival prediction and prognosis.ConclusionPNI is a significant prognostic indicator for newly diagnosed FL in China that can early identify patients with poor prognosis and guide clinical treatment decisions.

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