This would imply that the welfare effect analysis of trade should shift towards intra-product trade. Accompanied by the recent burgeoning literature on measuring value-added trade, value creation and profit distribution among various stages in the GVC have attracted increasing attention, including research on the effects of intra-product trade on labour wages. Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008) is the first study to explore the impact of outsourcing on wages, by developing an offshore outsourcing model and decomposing the economic impact of decreasing outsourcing costs into the productivity effect, relative price effect and labour supply effect. The productivity effect enhances the welfare level of low-skilled workers, while the relative price and labour supply effects suppress the welfare level of low-skilled workers. To the best of our knowledge, there is little theoretical and quantitative research on the wage effects of China's increasing engagement in the GVC, particularly at the firm level. Our analysis supplements this part with calculating firms' GVC embedment and then analysing the effect of the GVC embedment on firms' wage.This study uses the merged data of Chinese customs transaction-level trade database and Chinese Annual Survey of Industrial Firms database, covering the universe of Chinese exporters in the period 2000-06, to examine whether and how GVC engagement influences firms' wage.The main contributions of our research are as follows: (a) We innovatively examine whether and how a firm's GVC engagement affects firms' wages. Compared with previous studies, which analyse whether a firm enters the export market or not and how this affects wages, our study is more comprehensive by incorporating these aspects from the perspective of GVC. (b) Specifically, our transaction-level data allow us to measure GVC engagement at firm level over time, which complements the literature on the wage effect of the GVC at industry and aggregate levels (Costinot, Vogel, & Wang, 2012;Lopez Gonzalez, Kowalski, & Achard, 2015), and thereby minimise aggregation bias by giving expression to firm heterogeneity. (c) Finally, we examine the heterogeneous impact of a firm's GVC engagement by distinguishing different ownership and factor intensity.The rest of the paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 presents the theoretical analysis and hypotheses. Section 3 describes the empirical specification, data source and the measurements. Section 4 discusses the empirical results, and Section 5 presents an extended analysis. Section 6 is this paper's conclusion. |

The present paper explores how intellectual property rights (IPR) protection affects an economy’s status in global value chains (GVC) by introducing IPR protection into the sequential production model. We find that a suitable IPR protection system that matches the phase of economic and technological development a country has reached is the key for developing countries to upgrade their status in GVC, which are dominated by multinational firms from developed countries. Empirical analysis with multinational panel data for 55 countries from 2005 to 2015 provides evidence in support of the predictions of this model, although the GVC‐enhancing effects of IPR protection are heterogeneous for developing and developed countries. The empirical conclusions are robust after using the instrumental variable method and controlling for endogeneity.

The effects of Pb2+concentration, pH and additional carbon source on biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) byFusariumsp. were investigated, and the characteristic and kinetic of 4-CP biodegradation were analyzed. It was concluded that 4-CP biodegradation rate byFusariumsp. decreased a little at concentration of Pb2+0.20 mg/L and 4-CP 50 mg/L. The suitable biodegradation pH was range from 6 to 7. Additional carbon source (phenol) might increase the rate of 4-CP biodegradation. The kinetic equations of 4-CP biodegradation were well accord with the zero order reaction equation at different concentration of Pb2+.

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