In this study, a double fuzzy control strategy for the parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is proposed, then based on the genetic algorithm (GA) to get better simulation results, and the results are verified by dynamic programming (DP) optimisation. First, the energy management strategy is established by fuzzy control theory. On this basis, considering braking energy recovery, this study designs a double fuzzy vehicle energy control strategy. A simulation analysis of the above two control strategies is carried out in urban dynamometer driving schedule, and the comparison with the work efficiency of the engine and fuel economy performance, respectively, is made; the simulation results show that the double fuzzy control strategy can effectively improve the HEV performance. In order to make rule base more accurate, this study also uses a GA to optimise the fuzzy control rules of the fuzzy controller. Then the DP is used to optimise the energy control strategy and obtain optimal results. The results verified that the design of fuzzy controllers is correct, and the optimised fuzzy control strategy by GA can improve the work efficiency of the engine and fuel consumption.

The electrochemical behaviors of Ga 3+ ions in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([BMIM][TfO]) ionic liquid are investigated by electrochemical methods and SEM. The cyclic voltammetry study reveals that both the temperature and the material of the electrodes have a significant influence on the electrochemical kinetics. The three methods involved rotating disk electrode have been used to obtain the diffusion coefficient (around 5.57 × 10-8 cm 2 /s) of Ga 3+ ions in [BMIM][TfO] ionic liquid at 70 ℃. Meanwhile, the diffusion coefficients at 40, 50, 60 ℃ and the activation energy are obtained by two of the three methods. By analyzing the current transients and the SEM images of the Ga particles formed during the transients, it is found that the nucleation of Ga on both the glass carbon electrode and the Mo electrode in [BMIM][TfO] ionic liquid is a 3-D instantaneous process at 70 ℃, while a 3-D progressive process on GCE at 25 ℃. The compact and smooth Ga layer is

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