A considerable number of studies have been conducted to study the microbial profiles in inflammatory conditions. A common phenomenon in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the reduction of the diversity of microbiota, which demonstrates that microbial diversity negatively correlates with disease severity in IBD. Increased microbial diversity is known to occur in disease remission. Species diversity plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the intestinal ecosystem as well as normal ecological function. A reduction in microbial diversity corresponds to a decrease in the stability of the ecosystem and can impair ecological function. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, and prebiotics, which aim to modulate the microbiota and restore its normal diversity, have been shown to be clinically efficacious. In this study, we hypothesized that a reduction in microbial diversity could play a role in the development of IBD.

The study revealed that SRC significantly correlated with kidney damage and special attention should be paid among Chinese adults with SRC.

Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) has been proven to be effective and safe in treating pediatric Crohn's disease (CD). EEN induces pediatric CD remission possibly through three pathways: (1) direct anti-inflammatory effects, (2) improved epithelial barrier function, and (3) modulation of the gut microbiota. Recent studies have demonstrated that modulation of the gut microbiota plays a major role in EEN-induced remission. Variations of microbial components, which directly influence the diversity and metabolic functions of the gut microbiota, are closely associated with the immunological conditions of the gut and the susceptibility to diseases. The reduction of proinflammatory microbial components and harmful microbial metabolites after EEN treatment greatly decreases the inflammatory injuries of the gut.

as idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) because they have unknown etiology. [2] There are significant differences in the treatment of the two forms of diseases; the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines recommend corticosteroids combined with calcineurin inhibitors/ alkylating agents as the initial therapy for IMN. [3] However, the treatment of secondary membranous nephropathy (SMN) is mainly focused on the etiology. Given the limitations of traditional renal biopsy diagnosis, such as perirenal hematoma, arteriovenous fistulas, infection, and damage to other organs, [4] it is extremely important to find reliable serological biomarkers to differentiate between IMN and SMN. In 2009, M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) was identified as the first target antigen for IMN, [5] and the circulating antibody against PLA2R (PLA2R-AB) was used for the non-invasive diagnosis of IMN, with 78% sensitivity and 99% specificity. [6] Thrombospondin type I domain-containing 7A (THSD7A), which is similar to PLA2R in structure, was identified as a second autoantigen of adult IMN. [7] Several studies have indicated that the circulating THSD7A-AB levels represent another promising alternative biomarker for the diagnosis of IMN. Serological testing for circulating THSD7A-AB provides a rapid IMN diagnostic method for clinicians. However, Thrombospondin type I domain-containing 7A (THSD7A), is a specific autoantigen of adult idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), whose circulating antibody (THSD7A-AB) represents a promising biomarker for diagnosis of IMN. The objective of this meta-analysis is to investigate the diagnostic efficiency of THSD7A-AB for IMN. After rigorous data extraction, quality assessment, and data analysis, 10 articles (4545 patients) are included. For IMN, the summary sensitivity is 4% (2-7%), and the specificity is 99% (98-100%). The summary positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) are 5.40 (2.40-11.90) and 0.97 (0.95-0.99), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) is 6.00 (2.00-12.00). The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) is 0.78 (0.74-0.81). For M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R)-negative IMN, the summary sensitivity is 8% (6-10%), specificity is 100% (99-100%). The summary PLR and NLR are 15.80 (5.70-44.00) and 0.93 (0.91-0.95), respectively. The DOR is 17.00 (6.00-48.00). The AUC is 0.99 (0.98-1.00). THSD7A-AB has higher diagnostic value in PLA2R-negative patients than in IMN patients. These results suggest that THSD7A-AB could possibly be applied as an auxiliary non-invasive diagnostic method for PLA2R-negative IMN.