SUMMARYObjective: To explore if afebrile seizures associated with minor infections are a single category of seizure, or a set of different kinds of seizures. Methods: We conducted this prospective cohort study on three kinds of first afebrile seizure: first afebrile seizure associated with gastrointestinal infection (AS-GI), first afebrile seizure associated with nongastrointestinal infection (AS-nGI), and first unprovoked seizure (US). The Kaplan-Meier estimate risks of recurrent seizures were analyzed and compared pairwise. The characteristics of recurrent seizures were also compared pairwise. Results: The Kaplan-Meier estimate risks of recurrent seizure at 2 years of the AS-GI, AS-nGI, and US groups were 6.9%, 23.7%, and 37.8%, respectively. The pairwise differences were significant between the AS-GI and US groups (p < 0.001) and between the AS-GI and AS-nGI groups (p = 0.001), but not significant between the US and AS-nGI groups (p = 0.066). Among unprovoked subsequent seizures in patients with recurrence, the pairwise differences were significant between the AS-GI and US groups (p < 0.001) and between the AS-GI and AS-nGI groups (p = 0.005), but not significant between the US and AS-nGI groups (p = 0.417). Significance: Afebrile seizures associated with minor infections are indeed of two distinguishable kinds: AS-GI, if free of risk factors such as a family history of epilepsy, had a better prognosis and should be categorized as an acute symptomatic seizure, whereas patients with first AS-nGI, like patients with first US, may have recurrent unprovoked seizures, which suggests this category's essential difference from AS-GI. The minor infections include gastrointestinal infection, respiratory infection (usually of the upper respiratory tract), and others of uncertain origin. For gastrointestinal infection, there is a concept of "benign convulsion with mild gastroenteritis (CwG)." The word "benign" indicates a good prognosis: a very low chance of having unprovoked seizures later in life. [4][5][6] In addition, CwG seems to be a new entity, which was more likely to be categorized as situation-related seizures than epilepsy, although it is not described in the classification of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). 4,5,7 However, for afebrile seizure induced by nongastrointestinal infection, the risk of recurrence of unprovoked seizure is much higher than that for afebrile seizure induced by gastrointestinal infection, 1 whereas another study 3 shows that only this kind of first seizure and first unprovoked seizure would have subsequent unprovoked seizures. This evidence suggests that seizures caused by gastrointestinal infection and nongastrointestinal infection are essentially different: the former is probably in the category of situation-related seizures, whereas the latter may have a likeness to unprovoked seizure.Therefore, we designed this prospective cohort study on three kinds of first afebrile seizures: first afebrile seizure associated with gastrointestinal infection (AS-GI), first afebril...

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The wet oxidation of a kind of pharmaceutical wastewater with hydrogen peroxide, i.e. H2O2, was studied in this paper. In this study, H2O2 was utilized as an oxidant. The effects of reaction conditions were investigated, including theinitial concentration of the pharmaceutical, the reaction temperature and reaction time, and the additional amount of H2O2. The highest Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal rate among the performed experiments in this study, approximately 89.6%, was obtainedat 240 °C for 60 min with the additional amount of H2O2solution 2 mL. These results illustrated that the wet oxidation process using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant was effectively for the degradation ofthis kind of pharmaceutical wastewater.

In this study, the wet oxidation treatment of pharmaceutical sludge was investigated. The effects of the reaction parameters on the removal rate of volatile suspended solids (VSS) and the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) were discussed. The results illustrated that the highest could reach up to 68.9% and 93.7% separately under 260 °C with initial oxygen pressure 1.5 MPa and the reaction time 60 min. The addition of Cu2+ could increased the COD removal rate significantly. The results demonstrated that wet oxidation showed promising as an economical and feasible alternative for the pharmaceutical sludge treatment.