The phylogenetic relationships of subtribe Chloraeinae, a group of terrestrial orchids endemic to southern South America, have not been satisfactorily investigated. A previous molecular phylogenetic analysis based on plastid DNA supported the monophyly of Chloraeinae and Gavilea, but showed that Chloraea is non-monophyletic and that the sole species of Bipinnula analysed is sister to Geoblasta. However, that analysis included only 18 of the 73 species belonging to this subtribe. Here, the phylogenetic relationships of Chloraeinae were assessed by analysing aproximately 7500 bp of nucleotide sequences from nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid DNA (rbcL, matK, trnL-trnF, rpoB-trnC) for 42 species representing all four currently accepted genera of Chloraeinae and appropriate outgroups. Nuclear and plastid data were analysed separately and in combination using two different methods, namely parsimony and Bayesian inference. Our analyses support the monophyly of Chloraeinae and their inclusion in an expanded concept of Cranichideae, but none of the genera of Chloraeinae that includes more than one species is monophyletic. Gavilea and Bipinnula are paraphyletic, with Chloraea chica nested in Gavilea and Geoblasta penicillata in Bipinnula. As currently delimited, Chloraea is polyphyletic. The taxonomic changes proposed recently are for the most part not justifiable on phylogenetic grounds, except for recognition of the monotypic genus Correorchis. The lack of resolution for the relationships among species of 'core' Chloraea suggests a relatively recent diversification of this group. The current generic classification is in need or revision, but additional study is advisable before carrying out further taxonomic changes.

crispa Lindl. Se pudo observar las cuatro etapas de germinación propuestas por Mitchell. La etapa cero corresponde a semillas sin germinar, éstas son alargadas, curvadas en uno de sus extremos, y alcanzan un largo promedio de 0,5 mm. En la etapa uno se aprecia un incremento sólo en ancho debido al crecimiento del embrión, en la etapa dos hay cambios tanto en la forma como en el aumento del diámetro. En la etapa tres, única visible a simple vista, se inicia la germinación fisiológica. El porcentaje de germinación determinado por esta técnica varió entre 33 y 40 %, resultado coincidente con otros autores.

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Introduction: Blood pressure is the force that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries, which is why hypertension or also known as high blood pressure is when this force exerted is too high and it is likely to appear more frequently in the gestation period since pregnancy-induced hypertension is responsible for maternal morbidity and mortality and occurs in 5% to 10.3% of cases. Objective: To identify the process of nursing care in the treatment of hypertension induced by pregnancy. Methodology: A review of some articles published in Pubmed, Scielo, during the years 2019 to 2022 about pregnancy-induced hypertension was carried out. As inclusion criteria, the original and updated articles related to the research topic were taken into account and some articles that did not correspond to the years of antiquity requested at the time of carrying out the research work were excluded. Results: The assessment was made based on the functional patterns of Marjorie Gordon and the Nursing Care Process was applied Conclusions: In the development of this case, activities were developed with the purpose of providing quality care and warmth to each of the patients, improving their stay at the first level of care, since hypertension in the gestation period continues to be an important problem. This is a health problem, so the prognosis and timely treatment of this pathology is essential to take care of the health and well-being of the mother-child pair through control and care by health personnel.

High incidence of Rho Cdc42-GTPase overexpression has been found in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) samples, suggesting its potential role in tumor development. However, no conclusive studies have shown the lack of mutations and/or copy number of Cdc42 gene in this type of samples. To understand mutation/deletion and copy number status of Cdc42 gene, CRC patients were evaluated for both parameters. More than Cdc42 mutants, single-nucleotide variants were found. Analysis of regions flanking the Cdc42 gene showed allelic imbalance; 58.7% were loss of heterozygosity (LOH) positive and 14.8% presented microsatellite instability. The highest LOH percentage was located between microsatellite markers D1S199 and D1S2674, where the Cdc42 gene is located. No association between gender, age, and tumor stage was found. LOH validation through gene dosage analysis showed most CRC patients with allelic imbalance also presented a low gene dosage of Cdc42, although equal amounts of Cdc42 mRNA were detected in all samples. Although changes in Cdc42 expression were not found in any condition, Cdc42 activation was different between high and normal gene dosage samples, but not between samples with normal and low copy number. Low dosage of Cdc42 was also not related to changes in methylation status at the Cdc42 promoter region. Results suggest that low copy of Cdc42 gene is not associated with Cdc42 protein dysfunction in CRC patients.