The erosion issue in the north coastal area in Alaska, US has increasingly serious. Landsat image has been downloaded to analyze the erosion. Several image analysis methods in remote sensing are used in this paper to analyze the water body erosion in study area. Erosion in the study area has a significant effect along the river and around the lake. It is inconspicuous in the urban area. The geomorphology in study area is temporarily steady due to the man-made anti-erosion construction. More attention should be paid to the erosion between the coast and lake; it can damage the whole city of Barrow once the erosion connects the sea and lake. By using analysis method discussed in this paper, it can help other coastal area in the world to prevent erosion issues.

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The Royalty & Tax Contract is one of the most common cooperation modes in the international petroleum industry. Under this mode, contractors take the share of net oil and gas reserves in kind, and pay royalties, income taxes and other taxes/fees to the landowner. The net reserves owned by a contractor refer to the remaining economical recoverable reserves that the contractor can obtain during the remaining contract period, and represent the contractor’s actual revenue. Taking the XX project in Kazakhstan as an example, this paper presented the method for estimating net oil and gas reserves under the Royalty & Tax Contract, discussed how the production, decline rate, development plan, oil prices, costs and taxes affect net reserves from the technical, economic, commercial and engineering perspective, and made sensitivity analysis of the most critical influence factors like oil production, oil prices, operation expenditure and investment. Finally, some development optimization and evaluation strategies were proposed to maximize the contractors’ economic benefits.