The method produced diagnostic accuracy approaching that of automated perimetry, but unlike perimetry provides standard errors for every point in each field as well as information on response delay and efferent defects. Only one pupil needs to function to measure both visual fields.

Response saturation was a feature of all visual field locations. Stimuli with reduced blue light content produced the same signal to noise ratios as white stimuli. Given that these stimuli would not be affected by variable lens brunescence, they might be preferable for perimetry.

Despite evoked potentials' (EP) ubiquity in research and clinical medicine, insights are limited to gross brain dynamics as it remains challenging to map surface potentials to their sources in specific cortical regions. Multiple sources cancellation due to cortical folding and cross-talk obscures close sources, e.g. between visual areas V1 and V2. Recently retinotopic functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses were used to constrain source locations to assist separating close sources and to determine cortical current generators. However, an fMRI is largely infeasible for routine EP investigation. We developed a novel method that replaces the fMRI derived retinotopic layout (RL) by an approach where the retinotopy and current estimates are generated from EEG or MEG signals and a standard clinical T1-weighted anatomical MRI. Using the EEG-RL, sources were localized to within 2 mm of the fMRI-RL constrained localized sources. The EEG-RL also produced V1 and V2 current waveforms that closely matched the fMRI-RL's (n = 2) r(1,198)  = 0.99, P < 0.0001. Applying the method to subjects without fMRI (n = 4) demonstrates it generates waveforms that agree closely with the literature. Our advance allows investigators with their current EEG or MEG systems to create a library of brain models tuned to individual subjects' cortical folding in retinotopic maps, and should be applicable to auditory and somatosensory maps. The novel method developed expands EP's ability to study specific brain areas, revitalizing this well-worn technique. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1696-1709, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Normal healthy subjects and AMD patients were recorded using 64 EEG channels with a computer based acquisition systems using a pattern-pulse mfVEP. A correctly sized head cap (10/20 layout), was placed over the subjects' head. The Fpz electrode holder was placed directly on the 10% nasion-inion mark. The data are simultaneously sampled at 256 Hz per channel, and collected using the ActiveTwo BioSemi data acquisition software.The Active Ag-AgCl electrodes mounted on the head cap was connected to the Biosemi A/D interface box. The stimulus layout was an 84 region per eye cortically-scaled dartboard comprising 12 sectors and 7 concentric rings, subtending a diameter of 23°; presented dichoptically at 60 Hz frame rate. The 64 electrode channels were held in place with a head cap with a 10/20 layout. Regression models accounting for independent effects were estimated. The Pattern-pulse mfVEP technique is able to record from patients with advance stage AMD.