Kidney International Supplements (2019) 9, e1-e81 e53 Chapter 6. Prevalence, incidence, and characteristics of dialysis patients e57 Chapter 7. Clinical measurement and treatment among dialysis patients e60 Chapter 8. Vascular access e62 Chapter 9. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes among dialysis patients e63 Chapter 10. Hospitalization e66 Chapter 11. Medical expenditures for dialysis patients e68 Chapter 12. Kidney transplant waiting list e74 Chapter 13. Discussion e75 References e76 Appendices: Definitions of ICD coding e76 Appendix 1 | Coding of various CKD etiologies e77 Appendix 2 | Coding of CKD stages e78 Appendix 3 | Coding of diabetes mellitus e78 Appendix 4 | Coding of hypertension e78 Appendix 5 | Coding of CVD e80 Appendix 6 | Coding of CVD operations e81 Appendix 7 | Coding of AKI www.kisupplements.org d e t a i l e d c o n t e n t s

Background: Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a severe health problem in children. Short-term β-blockers are recommended for pharmaceutical treatment. However, there have been contradictory data about its efficacy among pediatric patients.Methods and Results: Eight studies comparing β-blockers to conventional treatments for children with POTS were selected, where 497 cases of pediatric POTS were included. The efficacy of β-blockers was evaluated using the effective rate, the change of symptom score, the change of heart rate difference and adverse events. The results were stated as relative ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). A random-effects meta-analysis for the effective rate indicated that β-blockers were more effective in treating pediatric POTS than controlled treatment (79.5 vs. 57.3%, RR = 1.50, 95%CI: 1.15–1.96, P < 0.05). A fixed-effects model analysis showed that β-blockers were more effective in lowering the symptom score and the heart rate increment during standing test than controlled treatment with a mean difference of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.44–1.18, P < 0.05) and 3.78 (95% CI: 2.10–5.46, P < 0.05), respectively. There were no reported severe adverse events in included studies.Conclusion: β-blockers are effective in treating POTS in children and adolescents, alleviating orthostatic intolerance, and improving hemodynamic abnormalities.