No abstract

Abstract-Through the method of contrastive analysis, this thesis aims at presenting the differences as well as similarities between friendship view in China and that in English-speaking countries by examining Chinese and English idioms from the perspective of power distance, individualism versus collectivism and long-term versus short-term orientation. A further explanation of the characteristics of the two friendship views from the perspective of culture is also made.Index Terms-friendship view, idiom, individualism versus collectivism, power distance, long-term versus short-term orientation

The speech act the researcher studies in this paper is refusal which, according to Ellis ( 2008), involves high level of pragmatic competence of the speaker, especially when it is compared with other speech acts like apology and request. Refusal seems to be particularly high-demanding for L2 learners, for L2 linguistic proficiency might be the hindrance. The researcher studies on one Chinese L2 learner's pragmatic competence by focusing on the pragmatic strategies adopted in his L2 refusals. The result of this study suggests that L2 pragmatic competence is restrained by learners' linguistic proficiency from utilizing more effective pragmatic strategies. Both linguistic and pragmatic transfer limits Chinese L2 learners' pragmatic behaviors. Therefore, pedagogical intervention involving pragmatic knowledge for enhancing Chinese L2 learners' pragmatic competence is advised and it might be even more helpful to the learners if culture is covered in the intervention.

No abstract

On 8 January 2022, an MS6.9 earthquake occurred in the Menyuan county, Qinghai province at the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. A dense observatory network consisting of accelerographs and intensity meters has obtained many acceleration recordings in this region, which previously had only a few strong motion recordings. Using acceleration data recorded by 141 accelerographs and micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS)-based intensity meters within 100 km of the causative fault, we investigated the spatial distribution and attenuation characteristics of the near-source ground motion during this event. The observed response spectra were compared with the prediction obtained using the NGA-West2 models. It was found that, in the long-period section of >1.0 s, the acceleration response spectra in the rupture forward direction (southeast of the epicenter) were greater than the prediction, while observations on the northwest side were lower than the prediction. Through the spatial distribution of the ground motion and quantitative analysis of the residuals, we found that the rupture directivity effects on the ground motions were controlled by the spatial azimuth relative to the fault and the along-strike projected length of the rupture, which mainly affected the long-period portion of the >1.0 s. In the rupture forward direction, the spectral accelerations (SAs) with periods of 1.0–10.0 s were enhanced to 1.18–1.56 times the average. In the backward direction (northwest of the epicenter), the SAs with periods of 1.0–10.0 s were only 0.63–0.86 times the average. The rupture directivity effects during the MS6.9 (MW6.6) earthquake exhibited an obvious period-dependence and narrowband characteristics, and the amplification effects were the strongest at 5.0 s. The amplification factors in the straight forward directions were underestimated by the empirical model. Two typical velocity pulse records were observed in the rupture forward direction, and their response spectra were significantly amplified at long periods of greater than 1.0 s, with peak amplification values of 4.0–6.0 near the characteristic period of the pulses. This amplification was related to the resonance excited by a specific periodic pulse. Our study provides a reference of quantifying near-source effects for both moderate and major shallow crustal earthquakes by using MEMS recordings in this region.