Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible but preventable blindness in working age populations.Color fundus photography (CFP) is the most cost-effective imaging modality to screen for retinal disorders.However, its application to glaucoma has been limited to the computation of a few related biomarkers such as the vertical cup-to-disc ratio. Deep learning approaches, although widely applied for medical image analysis, have not been extensively used for glaucoma assessment due to the limited size of the available data sets. Furthermore, the lack of a standardize benchmark strategy makes difficult to compare existing methods in a uniform way. In order to overcome these issues we set up the Retinal Fundus Glaucoma Challenge, REFUGE (https://refuge.grand-challenge.org), held in conjunction with MICCAI 2018. The challenge consisted * Corresponding authors: Yanwu Xu (ywxu@ieee.org) and Xiulan Zhang (

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b S Supporting Information ' INTRODUCTION Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) with the formula (C n H 2n+2-z Cl z ) are subdivided into short-chain (C 10 ÀC 13 , SCCPs), mediumchain (C 14 ÀC 17 , MCCPs) and long-chain (C > 17, LCCPs) according to their carbon chain length, where chlorine content ranges from 10% to 72%. 1 Because of their chemical and thermal stability, CPs were widely used as additives in lubricants, as cutting fluids for metal working, as plasticizers and flame retardants in plastics, sealants, and leather. 2 As high production volume chemicals, CPs are inevitably released into the environment during their production, transportation, and usage. CPs have been detected in various environmental matrices including water, sediment, air, soil, biota ,and human beings. 1 It is also suggested that CPs are bioaccumulated and biomagnified in food webs. 3 CPs, especially SCCPs, have attracted increasing attentions in the past decade as they represent a potential "new" category of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). 4 The European Union restricted the usage of SCCPs via the Water Framework Directive based on the SCCP risk assessment. 5,6 Furthermore, SCCPs have been banned for use in Germany since 2003. 1

Short-term stimulation of the P2X(7) receptor can raise Ca(2+) in rat retinal ganglion cells, whereas sustained stimulation of the receptor can kill them.